He mea koʻikoʻi ka palekana o ka meaʻai i nā kaulahao lako honua. ʻO nā koena e like me nā antibiotics i loko o nā huahana waiū a i ʻole nā pesticides nui loa i loko o nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā paio kālepa honua a i ʻole nā pilikia olakino o ka mea kūʻai. ʻOiai ʻo nā ʻano hoʻāʻo lab kuʻuna (e laʻa, HPLC, mass spectrometry) e hāʻawi i ka pololei, ʻo kā lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, nā manawa hoʻohuli lōʻihi, a me ka paʻakikī o ka hana pinepine ʻaʻole e hoʻokō i nā koi manawa maoli o nā ʻoihana honua.Nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo wikiwikia menā kime hoʻāʻo immunosorbent i hoʻopili ʻia e ka enzyme (ELISA)ua kū mai ma ke ʻano he mau hopena kūpono a maʻalahi hoʻi no nā mea hana meaʻai, nā mea hoʻopuka aku, a me nā kino hoʻoponopono. Ke nānā nei kēia ʻatikala i kā lākou noi ma ka palekana meaʻai honua, e kālele ana i ka ʻike ʻana i nā antibiotic waiū a me ka nānā ʻana i nā koena pesticide.
I. Hoʻohālikelike ʻenehana: Wikiwiki, Kumukūʻai, a me ka Pololei
1. Nā ʻĀpana Hoʻāʻo Wikiwiki: Poʻokela Nānā ma ka Pūnaewele
Hoʻohana nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo wikiwiki i ka ʻenehana immunochromatographic e hana i nā hopena ʻike maka (e laʻa me nā kāʻei kala) i loko o 5-15 mau minuke ma o nā hopena antigen-antibody. ʻO nā pono nui:
Kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa loaMa $1–5 no kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo, kūpono lākou no ka nānā pinepine ʻana. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā hale hana waiū i nā ʻāpana e nānā i ka waiū maka i kēlā me kēia lā no nā antibiotic beta-lactam (e laʻa, penicillin), e pale ana i nā ʻāpana haumia mai ke komo ʻana i ka hana.
Hana me ka ʻole o nā lakoʻO nā kaʻina hana maʻalahi e hiki ai i nā limahana laina mua ke hana i nā hoʻokolohua ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa liʻiliʻi. Hoʻolaha nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku mahiʻai honua i nā ʻāpana ma nā awa e nānā i nā koena pesticide (e like me chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) e kūʻē i nā kūlana lawe mai e like me EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Eia nō naʻe, he mau palena ko nā ʻāpana: ʻo ka ʻike (70-90%) a me nā hopena semi-quantitative e nalowale paha nā koena trace. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā antibiotic sulfonamide i loko o ka waiū kokoke i ka paepae EU (10 μg/kg) e pilikia ana i nā hopena maikaʻi ʻole.
2. Nā Pahu ELISA: Hoʻohui ka Precision me ka Throughput
Hoʻohālikelike ʻo ELISA i nā pahuhopu ma o nā hopena enzyme-substrate, e hoʻokō ana i ka ʻike pg/mL-level a me ka hana ʻana i ka batch (e laʻa, nā pā 96-well):
Ke kiko kiʻekiʻe a me ka helu ʻanaHe mea koʻikoʻi no ka mālama ʻana i nā lula. Ua kauoha ka US FDA i nā lāʻau antibiotic tetracycline i loko o ka waiū ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ma mua o 300 μg/kg; Hōʻoia ʻo ELISA i ke ana pololei e pale aku i nā hoʻopaʻi kālepa.
Ka pono o ke kumukūʻai waena: Ma $5–20 no kēlā me kēia hoʻāʻo, koi ʻo ELISA i ka mea heluhelu samicroplate (3,000–$8,000). No nā ʻoihana waena e hana ana i 50–200 mau laʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻemi nā kumukūʻai lōʻihi i ka hoʻouna ʻana i nā labs.
Eia nō naʻe, koi ʻo ELISA i 2-4 mau hola i kēlā me kēia holo a me nā protocols maʻamau, e pono ai nā limahana akamai.
II. Koho Hoʻolālā ma nā Pōʻaiapili Honua
ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona e makemake ana i nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo wikiwiki
Nānā Kaulahao Hoʻolako i uka
Hoʻopaʻa koke nā ʻāpana i nā mea maka pilikia kiʻekiʻe. Nānā mua nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku i ka soybean Brazil i nā koena glyphosate ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana, e hoʻouna wale ana i nā pūʻulu maikaʻi ʻole no ka hōʻoia lab - e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻāʻo ma mua o 30%.
Nā Nānā Hoʻokō Palena ʻĀina
Hoʻohana nā dute a i ʻole nā luna loiloi i nā ʻāpana ma nā awa a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai e pale aku i nā lohi ukana. Hoʻāʻo nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku ʻōpae Vietnamese i nā metabolites nitrofuran me nā ʻāpana e kūlike me ka ʻōnaehana papa inoa maikaʻi o Iapana.
Nā ʻĀpana i kaupalena ʻia i nā kumuwaiwai
Hilinaʻi nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā mea hana ma nā ʻāina e ulu ana i nā ʻāpana no ka kaohi ʻana i ka pilikia. Nānā nā hui hana waiū ʻApelika i ka waiū no nā lāʻau antibiotic ma kahi, e kuhikuhi ana i nā laʻana maikaʻi i nā keʻena hoʻokolohua kūloko.
ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona e makemake ana i nā pahu ELISA
Palapala Hōʻoia Hoʻokuʻu Aku a me nā Hoʻopaʻapaʻa Kānāwai
He mea nui ka pololei a me ka hiki ke hahai ʻia o ka ELISA no ka mālama ʻana i ke kānāwai. Hāʻawi nā mea hoʻokuʻu aku i nā mea ʻala India i nā hōʻike aflatoxin B1 e pili ana i ka ELISA (ka paepae EU: 2 μg/kg) e hoʻokō ai i ka EC No. 1881/2006.
Nā Koi o ka Throughput Waena a Kiʻekiʻe
Loaʻa ka pōmaikaʻi i nā mea hana nui a i ʻole nā keʻena hoʻokolohua waena mai ka hana ʻana o ELISA. Hoʻāʻo kahi ʻoihana waiū Dutch i 500+ mau pūʻulu waiū i kēlā me kēia lā no nā beta-lactams a me nā tetracyclines i loko o 4 mau hola.
R&D a me ka Mana Hoʻokele Kūlana
Kākoʻo ka ʻikepili helu o ELISA i ka nānā ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi. Ke hahai nei nā hale hana waina Chilean i nā ʻano pesticide carbendazim kau e hoʻomaikaʻi i nā hana māla waina.
III. Nā ʻIke Kūpono o ke Kumukūʻai a me ka Pōmaikaʻi o ka Honua
Nā Koina Huna a me ka Hoʻēmi ʻana i ka Pōpilikia
Hiki i nā mea maikaʻi ʻole mai nā ʻāpana liʻiliʻi ke alakaʻi i nā hoʻihoʻi (e like me ka hanana salmonella waiū pēpē ma Farani i ka makahiki 2021), ʻoiai e emi ana ke kumukūʻai o nā lako hana ELISA me ka unahi. Hoʻohana nā multinationals i ka "strip screening + ELISA confirmation" e kaulike i ke kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻokō.
Hoʻohui ʻenehana
Nā ʻāpana i hoʻonui ʻia e ka nanomaterialʻIke nā ʻāpana gula i hōʻailona ʻia me ka nanoparticle i nā antibiotics ma 1 μg/kg, kokoke i ka ʻike ELISA.
Nā mea heluhelu ELISA lawe limaʻE hiki ai i nā hāmeʻa liʻiliʻi ke hoʻāʻo ma kahi ma lalo o $1,500, e hoʻemi ana i ka hakahaka pili.
IV. Hopena: Ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi Pūnaewele ʻIke Honua
No ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kūlana honua like ʻole (e like me ka GB 2763 o Kina, US EPA, EU EC), pono nā ʻoihana meaʻai e koho i nā mea hana me ka ikaika:
Nā ʻāpana wikiwiki: E hoʻoikaika i ka wikiwiki no ka nānā ʻana ma uka, nā pilikia, a i ʻole nā hoʻonohonoho kumuwaiwai haʻahaʻa.
Nā pahu ELISA: Hāʻawi i ka pololei no ka hōʻoia, ka throughput waena-kiʻekiʻe, a me nā hoʻoholo i hoʻokele ʻia e ka ʻikepili.
Pono nā ʻoihana honua e hoʻohana i kahi hoʻolālā pae: No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā hui hana waiū India i nā ʻāpana no ka nānā mua ʻana i nā antibiotic, ʻo ELISA no ka hōʻoia ʻāina, a me nā keʻena hoʻokolohua i ʻae ʻia (e laʻa, SGS, Eurofins) no nā laʻana i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike kēia "pyramid ʻike" i ka pono o ke kumukūʻai me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia kālepa, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka ʻōnaehana palekana meaʻai honua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-15-2025