He mea koʻikoʻi ka palekana o ka meaʻai i nā kaulahao lako honua. ʻO nā koena e like me nā lāʻau antibiotic i nā huahana waiū a i ʻole nā pesticides nui i nā huaʻai a me nā mea kanu hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kālepa honua a i ʻole nā pilikia olakino o nā mea kūʻai aku. ʻOiai ke hāʻawi pololei nei nā ʻano hana hoʻāʻo lab kuʻuna (e laʻa, HPLC, mass spectrometry), ko lākou kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe, nā manawa huli lōʻihi, a me ka paʻakikī o ka hana ʻana pinepine ʻole e hoʻokō i nā koi manawa maoli o nā ʻoihana honua.Nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo wikiwikianā pahu hōʻike immunosorbent pili enzyme (ELISA).ua puka mai ma ke ʻano he kumu kūʻai kūpono, hoʻololi maʻalahi no nā mea hana meaʻai, nā mea kūʻai aku, a me nā kino hoʻoponopono. Ke ʻimi nei kēia ʻatikala i kā lākou noi i ka palekana meaʻai honua, e kālele ana i ka ʻike ʻana i ka waiu antibiotic a me ka nānā ʻana i ke koena pesticide.
I. Hoʻohālikelike ʻenehana: ka wikiwiki, ke kumu kūʻai, a me ka pololei
1. Nā Paʻi Hoʻāʻo Rapid: Champion Screening on-Site
Hoʻohana ka ʻenehana hoʻāʻo wikiwiki i ka ʻenehana immunochromatographic e hana i nā hopena ʻike (e laʻa, nā kala kala) i loko o 5-15 mau minuke ma o nā hopena antigen-antibody. Loaʻa nā pōmaikaʻi nui:
ʻO ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa loa: Ma $1-5 no ka ho'āʻo ʻana, kūpono lākou no ka nānā ʻana i nā alapine kiʻekiʻe. No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā mea kanu waiu i nā ʻāpana e nānā i ka waiū maka i kēlā me kēia lā no nā lāʻau ʻokoʻa beta-lactam (e laʻa, penicillin), e pale ana i nā pūʻulu haumia mai ke komo ʻana i ka hana.
ʻO ka hana pono ʻole: Hiki i nā protocols maʻalahi ke hana i nā hoʻokolohua ma hope o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopuka nā mea hoʻopuka mahiʻai honua i nā ʻāpana ma nā awa e nānā i nā koena pesticide (e laʻa, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) e kūʻē i nā kūlana hoʻokomo e like me EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Eia naʻe, loaʻa nā palena: ʻo ka ʻike (70-90%) a me nā hopena semi-quantitative hiki ke hala i ke koena. No ka laʻana, ʻo nā lāʻau antibiotic sulfonamide i ka waiū kokoke i ka paepae EU (10 μg/kg) e hoʻopilikia i nā hewa hewa.
2. ELISA Kits: ʻO ka pololei e hui pū me ka holo ʻana
Hoʻonui ʻo ELISA i nā pahu hopu ma o nā hopena enzyme-substrate, e loaʻa ana i ka naʻau pg/mL-level a me ka hoʻoili ʻana i nā pūʻulu (e laʻa, 96-well plates):
Kiʻekiʻe pololei a me ka quantitation: Koʻikoʻi no ka hoʻokō hoʻoponopono. Ua kauoha ka US FDA i nā lāʻau antibiotic tetracycline i ka waiū ʻaʻole ma mua o 300 μg/kg; Mālama ʻo ELISA i ke ana pololei e pale aku i nā hoʻopaʻi kālepa.
ʻO ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai waena: Ma $5-20 no ka ho'āʻo ʻana, koi ʻo ELISA i ka mea heluhelu samicroplate (3,000–$8,000). No nā ʻoihana liʻiliʻi e hana ana i 50-200 mau laʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, hoʻemi ʻia nā kumukūʻai no ka wā lōʻihi i ka outsourcing i nā labs.
Eia nō naʻe, koi ʻo ELISA i nā hola 2-4 i kēlā me kēia holo a me nā protocol maʻamau, pono nā limahana akamai.
II. ʻO ke koho hoʻolālā ma nā ʻano honua
ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona e makemake ana i nā ʻāpana hoʻāʻo wikiwiki
Hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ke kaulahao hoʻolako i luna
Hoʻopaʻa koke nā kāʻei i nā mea maka. ʻO nā mea kūʻai aku soybean Brazil e hoʻokaʻawale i nā koena glyphosate ma mua o ka hoʻouna ʻana, e hoʻouna wale ana i nā pūʻulu maikaʻi ʻole no ka hōʻoia ʻana i ka lab - e hōʻemi ana i nā kumukūʻai hoʻāʻo ma mua o 30%.
Nā hōʻoia hoʻokō i nā palena palena
Hoʻohana nā dute a i ʻole nā mea loiloi i nā ʻāpana ma nā awa a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai e pale aku i ka lohi o ka ukana. Hoʻāʻo ka poʻe hoʻopuka ʻōpae Vietnamese i nā metabolites nitrofuran me nā ʻāpana e hoʻokō me ka Pūnaehana Positive List o Iapana.
Nā Māhele Waiwai-Limited
ʻO nā mahiʻai liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā mea hana ma nā ʻāina ulu e hilinaʻi nei i nā paʻi no ka hoʻokele pilikia. Hoʻopili nā hui waiu ʻApelika i ka waiū no nā lāʻau antibiotic ma ka pūnaewele, e kuhikuhi ana i nā laʻana maikaʻi i nā labs kūloko.
ʻEkolu mau hiʻohiʻona e makemake ana i nā pahu ELISA
Palapala Hoʻokuʻu aku a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa kānāwai
He mea koʻikoʻi ka pololei o ka ELISA no ka hoʻokō kānāwai. Hāʻawi nā mea kūʻai meaʻala India i nā hōʻike aflatoxin B1 e pili ana iā ELISA (EU paepae: 2 μg / kg) e hālāwai me EC No. 1881/2006.
Nā Koi Loaʻa Loaʻa Loaʻa
Loaʻa i nā mea hana nui a i ʻole nā keʻena kikowaena kikowaena mai ka hana ʻana o ELISA. Ke ho'āʻo nei kahi hui waiu Dutch i 500+ mau pūʻulu waiū i kēlā me kēia lā no nā beta-lactams a me nā tetracyclines i loko o 4 mau hola.
R&D a me ka Mana Pono
Kākoʻo ka ʻikepili helu a ELISA i ka nānā ʻana i ka wā lōʻihi. Hoʻopili nā hale kūʻai waina ʻo Chile i nā ʻano lāʻau pesticide carbendazim no ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i nā hana māla waina.
III. Nā Manaʻo Uku Uku-Pomaikai
Na Koina Huna a me ka Hoemi Poino
Hiki ke hoʻomanaʻo ʻia nā mea hoʻopunipuni hewa ʻole mai nā ʻāpana (e laʻa, ka hanana salmonella pēpē pēpē ma Farani i ka makahiki 2021), ʻoiai ke emi nei ke kumukūʻai o nā mea hana a ELISA me ka nui. Hoʻohana nā multinationals i ka "strip screening + ELISA confirmation" e kaulike i ke kumukūʻai a me ka hoʻokō.
Hoʻohui ʻenehana
Nā ʻāpana i hoʻonui ʻia i ka Nanomaterial: Ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana gula nanoparticle-labeled i nā lāʻau antibiotic ma 1 μg/kg, kokoke i ka ʻike ELISA.
ELISA mea heluhelu: Hiki i nā mea hana paʻakikī ke hoʻāʻo ma ka pūnaewele ma lalo o $1,500, e hōʻemi ana i ka ʻāpana kūpono.
IV. Ka Hopena: Ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi Pūnaewele ʻike honua
No ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā kūlana honua like ʻole (e laʻa, ʻo China's GB 2763, US EPA, EU EC), pono nā ʻoihana meaʻai e koho ikaika i nā mea hana:
Nā ʻōpala wikiwiki: E hana mua i ka wikiwiki no ka nānā ʻana i luna, nā pilikia pilikia, a i ʻole nā hoʻonohonoho kumu haʻahaʻa.
ELISA kits: Hāʻawi i ka pololei no ka hōʻoia ʻana, ka waena waena, a me nā hoʻoholo i alakaʻi ʻia i ka ʻikepili.
Pono nā ʻoihana o ke ao holoʻokoʻa e hoʻohana i kahi hoʻolālā pae: No ka laʻana, hoʻohana nā hui hana waiu India i nā ʻāpana no ka nānā ʻana i nā lāʻau antibiotic, ELISA no ka hōʻoia kūloko, a me nā labs i ʻae ʻia (e laʻa, SGS, Eurofins) no nā laʻana i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike kēia "pyramid detection" i ka maikaʻi o ke kumukūʻai me ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka pilikia kālepa, e hoʻoikaika ana i ka kaiaola palekana meaʻai honua.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Mei-15-2025