Kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu chinhu chakakosha mukutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Zvisaririra zvakaita semishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya muzvigadzirwa zvemukaka kana mishonga inouraya zvipembenene yakawandisa mumichero nemiriwo zvinogona kukonzera gakava rekutengeserana kwenyika dzese kana njodzi dzehutano hwevatengi. Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzechinyakare dzekuyedza murabhoritari (semuenzaniso, HPLC, mass spectrometry) dzichipa kunyatsojeka, mitengo yadzo yakakwira, nguva refu yekushanda, uye kuoma kwekushanda zvinowanzokundikana kusangana nezvinodiwa nemabhizinesi epasi rose panguva chaiyo.Mitsetse yekuyedza nekukurumidzauyeKiti dzekuedza immunosorbent assay (ELISA) dzakabatana neenzymedzakabuda semhinduro dzinoshanda uye dzinochinjika dzevagadziri vezvekudya, vanotumira kunze kwenyika, uye masangano anotonga. Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mashandisirwo adzo mukuchengetedza chikafu pasi rose, vachitarisa pakuona mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya emukaka uye kuongorora zvisaririra zvemishonga inouraya zvipembenene.
I. Kuenzanisa Kwehunyanzvi: Kumhanya, Mutengo, uye Kururama
1. Mitsetse Yekuongororwa Nekukurumidza: Champion Yekuongorora Panzvimbo
Mitsetse yekuedza inokasira inoshandisa tekinoroji ye immunochromatographic kugadzira mhedzisiro inoonekwa (semuenzaniso, mabhendi ane mavara) mukati memaminitsi mashanu kusvika gumi nemashanu kuburikidza nemaitiro e antigen-antibody. Zvakanakira zvikuru zvinosanganisira:
Mutengo wakaderera zvakanyanya: Pamutengo we $1–5 pabvunzo imwe neimwe, dzakanakira kuongororwa kakawanda. Semuenzaniso, zvirimwa zvemukaka zvinoshandisa mitsetse yekudzivirira mukaka usina kubikwa zuva nezuva kuti uone mabhakitiriya e beta-lactam (semuenzaniso, penicillin), zvichidzivirira huwandu hwemabhakitiriya ane utachiona kuti husaburitswe.
Kushanda pasina michina: Maitiro akareruka anogonesa vashandi vari pamberi kuti vaite bvunzo mushure mekudzidziswa kushoma. Vatengesi vezvekurima vepasi rose vanoisa michina pazviteshi kuti vaongorore zvakasara zvemishonga inouraya zvipembenene (semuenzaniso, chlorothalonil, chlorothalonil) zvichienderana nemitemo yekupinza zvinhu kunze kwenyika yakaita seEU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Zvisinei, mitsetse ine miganhu: kunzwisisika (70–90%) uye mhedzisiro yehuwandu hushoma inogona kushaya ma residues akatorwa. Semuenzaniso, mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya ye sulfonamide mumukaka iri pedyo neEU threshold (10 μg/kg) inogona kukonzera matambudziko enhema.
2. ELISA Kits: Precision Meets Throughput
ELISA inoyera zvinangwa kuburikidza nemaitiro e enzyme-substrate, zvichiita kuti pg/mL-level inzwe sensitivity uye batch processing (semuenzaniso, 96-well plates):
Kunyatsorongeka uye kuwanda: Zvakakosha pakutevedzera mitemo. US FDA inorayira kuti mishonga inorwisa utachiona ye tetracycline mumukaka isapfuure 300 μg/kg; ELISA inoita kuti kuyerwa kwakarurama kusapihwe mitongo yekutengeserana.
Kushanda zvakanaka kwemutengo wepakati: Pamadhora mashanu kusvika makumi maviri pabvunzo imwe neimwe, ELISA inoda samicroplate reader (3,000–$8,000). Kumakambani epakati nepakati anogadzira sampuli 50–200 pazuva, mari yenguva refu inoderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga kumalabhoritari.
Asi, ELISA inoda maawa maviri kusvika mana pakushanda kwega kwega uye maitiro akajairika, zvichidikanwa vashandi vane hunyanzvi.
II. Kusarudzwa Kwemazano Mumamiriro Enyika Yose
Zviitiko Zvitatu Zvinokurudzira Kukurumidza Kuedzwa Kwemitsetse
Kuongorora Kutengeswa Kwezvinhu Zvakakwira
Mitsetse inobvisa zvinhu zvine njodzi huru nekukurumidza. Vatengesi vesoya vekuBrazil vanoongorora zvasara zveglyphosate vasati vatumira, vachitumira chete mabheti asina kunaka kuti vasimbise murabhoritari - zvichideredza mitengo yekuyedza neinopfuura 30%.
Kuongorora Kutevedzera Mutemo weCross-Border
Vatongi vemitero kana vaongorori vanoshandisa zvidhinha pazviteshi kana mumatura kudzivirira kunonoka kwekutakura zvinhu. Vatengesi vemashrimp ekuVietnam vanoedza nitrofuran metabolites nezvidimbu kuti zvienderane nePositive List System yeJapan.
Matunhu Asina Zviwanikwa Zvakawanda
Mapurazi madiki kana kuti ma processors munyika dzichiri kusimukira anovimba nezvidimbu zvemitsetse kuti adzore njodzi. Makambani emukaka eAfrica anoongorora mukaka kuti aone kana paine mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, vachitumira mienzaniso yakanaka kumarabhoritari emunharaunda.
Zviitiko Zvitatu Zvinofadza ELISA Kits
Chitupa Chekutumira Zvinhu Kunze Kwenyika uye Kusawirirana Kwepamutemo
Kunyatsojeka uye kutevedza kweELISA zvakakosha pakutevedzera mutemo. Vatengesi vezvinonhuwira vekuIndia vanopa mishumo yeaflatoxin B1 inobva kuELISA (chiyero cheEU: 2 μg/kg) kuti ienderane neEC No. 1881/2006.
Zvinodiwa zveKubudirira Pakati Nepakati kusvika Pamusoro
Vagadziri vakuru kana ma laboratori makuru vanobatsirwa nekugadzirwa kweboka reELISA. Kambani yemukaka yekuNetherlands inoedza maboka emukaka anopfuura mazana mashanu pazuva kuti ione kana paine beta-lactams netetracyclines mukati memaawa mana.
R&D uye Kudzora Hunhu
Ruzivo rwehuwandu rweELISA runotsigira kutariswa kwenguva refu. Varimi vewaini vekuChile vanotevera mafambiro emushonga wezvipembenene wecarbendazim wemwaka kuti vawedzere mashandiro emumunda wemizambiringa.
III. Ruzivo Rwepasi Pose Pamusoro Pemari Nemabhenefiti
Mari Dzakavanzika uye Kuderedza Njodzi
Kusava nepfungwa dzakanaka kubva muzvimedu zvinogona kutungamira mukudzoserwa kwevana (semuenzaniso, chiitiko cheFrance che2021 chesalmonella yemushonga wevana), ukuwo mitengo yemidziyo yeELISA ichiderera nekukura. Marudzi akasiyana-siyana anoshandisa "kuongorora zvimedu + kusimbiswa kweELISA" kuti aenzanise mutengo uye kutevedzera mitemo.
Kubatana Kwetekinoroji
Mitsetse yakagadziridzwa nezvinhu zveNanomaterial: Mitsetse yegoridhe ine mavara emhando ye nanoparticles inoona mishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya pa1 μg/kg, zvichiita kuti ive pedyo nekunzwa kweELISA.
Vaverengi veELISA vanotakurika: Midziyo midiki inobvumira kuyedzwa panzvimbo yacho kuri pasi pe $1,500, zvichiita kuti mukaha wekushandisa udzikire.
IV. Mhedziso: Kuvaka Network Yekuongorora Pasirose
Kuti vafambire mberi nematanho akasiyana-siyana epasi rose (semuenzaniso, China's GB 2763, US EPA, EU EC), mabhizinesi ezvekudya anofanira kusarudza maturusi nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana:
Mitsetse inokurumidza: Isa kukosha kwekumhanya kwekuongorora kwemumugwagwa, njodzi, kana nzvimbo dzisina zviwanikwa zvakawanda.
Kiti dzeELISA: Ita zvakarurama pakupa chitupa, kufambisa kwepakati nepakati, uye zvisarudzo zvinoenderana nedata.
Makambani epasi rose anofanira kushandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana: Semuenzaniso, masangano emukaka ekuIndia anoshandisa mitsetse yekutanga kuongororwa kwemishonga inorwisa mabhakitiriya, ELISA yekusimbisa nharaunda, uye marabhoritari ane mvumo (semuenzaniso, SGS, Eurofins) yemasampuli asingawirirane. Iyi "piramidhi yekuona" inoenzanisa kushanda zvakanaka kwemitengo nekuderedza njodzi dzekutengeserana, ichisimbisa kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu pasi rose.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-15-2025