Zvichienderana nekuwedzera kuri kuita marara echikafu pasi rose, chikafu chinenge chave kuda kushandiswa zvakanyanya nevatengi muEurope, America, Asia, nedzimwe nzvimbo nekuda kwekushandisa mari shoma. Zvisinei, sezvo chikafu chave pedyo nezuva rachinoperera, njodzi yekusvibiswa kwehutachiona inoramba ichidzorwa here? Mitemo yekuchengetedza chikafu munyika dzakasiyana inotsanangura sei kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu chinenge chave pedyo nekupera? Chinyorwa chino chinoongorora mamiriro ekuchengetedzwa kwehutachiona hwechikafu chinenge chave pedyo nekupera zvichibva padata rekuyedza kwenyika dzese uye chinopa mazano ekutenga kwesainzi kune vatengi vepasi rose.
1. Mamiriro eMusika wePasirose uye Musiyano weMutemo weChikafu Chiri Pedyo Nekupera Kwenguva
Chikafu chinenge chave pedyo nekupera kwesimba chinowanzoreva zvigadzirwa zvine chikamu chimwe muzvitatu kusvika hafu yenguva yazvo yekushanda, zvinowanzowanikwa muzvikamu zvezvitoro zvinoderedzwa mutengo kana muzvitoro zvine mitengo yakaderera mutengo. Mitemo yemitemo yechikafu chinenge chave pedyo nekupera kwesimba inosiyana zvakanyanya munyika dzakasiyana:
Sangano reEuropean Union (EU):Kunyorwa kwechisungo chekuti "shandisa na" (zuva rekupedzisira rekuchengetedza) uye "zvakanakisa usati wasvika" (zuva rekupedzisira remhando yepamusoro). Kutengeswa kwechikafu chiri pedyo nezuva rekuti "shandisa na" hakubvumidzwe.
Nyika dzakabatana:Kunze kwemukaka wevana, mitemo yenyika haidi mazuva ekupera kwemukaka, asi vatengesi vanofanira kuona kuti chikafu chakachengeteka.
Japani:Mutemo we "Food Waste Reduction Promotion Act" unokurudzira kutengeswa kwezvikafu zvinenge zvava pedyo nekupera kwekushanda, asi kuongororwa nguva nenguva kunodiwa.
China:Mushure mekuiswa kwemutemo we "Anti-Food Waste Law" muna 2021, masupamaketi makuru akagadzira zvikamu zvakatsaurirwa zvekudya zvinenge zvava pedyo nekupera, asi mwero wekuyedza utachiona unoramba wakafanana newezvigadzirwa zvitsva.
2. Mitemo Yekuongorora Kuchengetedzeka Kwema microbial Inozivikanwa Pasi Rose
Zvinoenderana nemirairo kubva kuCodex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), US FDA, uye EU EFSA, chikafu chinenge chava kuda kupera chinofanira kutariswa zviratidzo zvikuru zvinotevera:
Huwandu Hwese HweAerobic (TAC):Zvinoratidza mwero wekuora kwechikafu; kudarika mwero kunogona kukonzera manyoka.
Mabhakitiriya eColiform:Inoratidza mamiriro ehutsanana uye inobatanidzwa nenjodzi dzehutachiona hwakadai seSalmonella.
Mould uye Mbiriso:Zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo dzine hunyoro uye zvinogona kukonzera chepfu (semuenzaniso,chepfu dzeaflatoxin).
Utachiona:Zvinosanganisira Listeria (inogona kukura kana tembiricha yakaderera) uye Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Data reKuongorora Miganhu: Muganho weKuchengetedzwa kweChikafu Chiri Pedyo Nekupera Kwenguva
Muna 2025, International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) yakabatana nemarabhoritari munyika dzakawanda kuyedza mhando nhanhatu dzechikafu chinenge chave pedyo nekupera, nemhedzisiro inotevera:
| Chikamu Chekudya | Paramita yeKuedza | Muganhu Wekuchengetedzwa Kwenyika Dzese | Mwero weKupfuura muChikafu Chiri Pedyo Nekupera |
| Mukaka Wakakangwa (Germany) | Huwandu Hwese HweAerobic | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Saradhi Yakatoiswa Pakeji (US) | Mabhakitiriya eColiform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Huku Yakagadzirira Kudyiwa (UK) | Listeria | Hazvina Kuonekwa | 5% |
| Zvekudya zveNzungu (China) | Foroma | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Zvakawanikwa Zvikuru:
Zvikamu Zvine Njodzi Yakanyanya:Nyama dzakagadzirira kudyiwa, zvigadzirwa zvemukaka, uye zvekudya zvakagadzirwa zvakaratidza huwandu hwakakwira hwehutachiona.
Mhedzisiro yeKupisa Kwekuchengetedza:Zvikafu zvisina kuchengetwa mufiriji zvaive nenjodzi yakapetwa katatu yekudarika miganhu.
Kusiyana kwePackaging:Zvekudya zvakaputirwa muchina wekuchenesa zvaive zvakachengeteka zvakanyanya kupfuura zvakaputirwa muchina wemazuva ose.
4. Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinokanganisa Kuchengetedzeka Kwechikafu Chinenge Chava Pedyo Nekupera Kwenguva
Kutarisirwa kweKutengeswa kweZvigadzirwa:Kuchinja-chinja kwetembiricha panguva yekufambisa (semuenzaniso, kupwanyika kwechando) kunokurumidza kukura kwehutachiona.
Kuumbwa Kwechikafu:Zvikafu zvine mapuroteni akawanda (nyama) uye zvine hunyoro hwakawanda (yogati) zvinonyanya kusvibiswa nemabhakitiriya.
Mamiriro Ekunze Emunzvimbo:Nzvimbo dzinopisa zvakanyanya uye dzine hunyoro hwakawanda (semuenzaniso, Southeast Asia) dzinotarisana nenjodzi huru yekuumbwa kwevhu muchikafu chinenge chava pedyo nekupera.
5. Gwaro Rekushandisa Vatengi Pasi Pose Rekutenga Zvakachengeteka
Tarisa Mazita uye Mamiriro Ekuchengetedza:
Isa zvinhu zvakakosha pakudya kwakaoma zvakanyorwa kuti "zvakanakisisa usati wadya" (semuenzaniso, macrackers, zvekudya zvemumagaba).
Dzivisa zvigadzirwa zvemukaka nenyama zvinenge zvava pedyo nekupera, zvisingachengetwi mufiriji.
Kuongorora Kunzwa:
Rasa chero chikafu chine kurongedza kwakazvimba, kudonhedza mvura, chakuvhuvhu, kana hwema hwakaipa nekukurumidza.
Kuziva Njodzi Dzematunhu:
Europe neAmerica:Tarisa Listeria (inowanikwa muzvikafu zvakagadzirira kudyiwa).
Asia:Chenjererai mycotoxins (semuenzaniso, aflatoxins mupunga nenzungu).
6. Mazano eMitemo yeNyika Dzepasi Pose neMaindasitiri
Gadzirisa Maitiro Ekuyedza:Tsigirai Codex kuti igadzire miganhu chaiyo yehutachiona hwechikafu chinenge chava pedyo nekupera.
Kuvandudzwa kweTekinoroji:Kurudzira kurongedza kwakangwara (semuenzaniso, zviratidzo zvekupisa panguva).
Mutoro weKambani:Vatengesi vanofanira kushandisa nzira dzekuongorora chikafu dzine simba kana chave pedyo nekupera.
Mhedziso: Kuenzanisa Kuchengetedzeka uye Kugara Kwenguva Refu
Kukurudzirwa kwechikafu chinenge chava kuda kupera kunobatsira kuderedza marara echikafu pasi rose, asi kuchengetedzeka kwehutachiona kuchiri dambudziko guru. Vatengi vanofanira kusarudza neruzivo zvichibva pamitemo yemuno nedata resainzi, nepo nharaunda yepasi rose ichifanira kushanda pamwe chete kuvandudza mwero, ichiva nechokwadi chekuti "kuchengetedza" uye "kuchengetedzeka" zvinogona kuitika pamwe chete.
Chiyeuchidzo Chekupedzisira:Kana zvasvika pakuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, "mutengo wakaderera" haufanirwe kururamisa kubvumirana—kunyanya kune zvikamu zvine njodzi huru senge chikafu chevacheche uye chikafu chakagadzirira kudyiwa, uko kungwarira kunofanira kutanga.
Nguva yekutumira: Chivabvu-20-2025