Chitetezo cha chakudya ndi nkhani yofunika kwambiri pa unyolo wopezera zinthu padziko lonse lapansi. Zotsalira monga maantibayotiki mu mkaka kapena mankhwala ophera tizilombo ochulukirapo mu zipatso ndi ndiwo zamasamba zingayambitse mikangano yamalonda apadziko lonse lapansi kapena zoopsa pa thanzi la ogula. Ngakhale njira zoyesera zachikhalidwe za labu (monga HPLC, mass spectrometry) zimapereka kulondola, mtengo wake wokwera, nthawi yayitali yogwirira ntchito, komanso zovuta zogwirira ntchito nthawi zambiri sizikwaniritsa zofunikira zenizeni zamabizinesi apadziko lonse lapansi.Mizere yoyesera mwachangundizida zoyesera za immunosorbent (ELISA) zomwe zimagwirizana ndi enzymeaonekera ngati njira zotsika mtengo komanso zosinthika kwa opanga chakudya, ogulitsa kunja, ndi mabungwe olamulira. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito pa chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka pakupeza mankhwala ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a mkaka komanso kusanthula zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo.
I. Kuyerekeza kwaukadaulo: Liwiro, Mtengo, ndi Kulondola
1. Mizere Yoyesera Mwachangu: Wopambana pa Kuwunika Pamalo
Mizere yoyesera mwachangu imagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa immunochromatographic kuti ipange zotsatira zowoneka (monga mikanda yamitundu) mkati mwa mphindi 5-15 kudzera muzochita za antigen-antibody. Ubwino waukulu ndi monga:
Mtengo wotsika kwambiri: Pa $1–5 pa mayeso aliwonse, ndi abwino kwambiri poyesa mkaka pafupipafupi. Mwachitsanzo, zomera za mkaka zimagwiritsa ntchito timizere kuti ziwunikire mkaka wosaphika tsiku lililonse ngati pali maantibayotiki a beta-lactam (monga penicillin), zomwe zimaletsa magulu oipitsidwa kuti asapangidwe.
Kugwira ntchito popanda zida: Ndondomeko zosavuta zimathandiza ogwira ntchito kutsogolo kuchita mayeso ataphunzitsidwa pang'ono. Ogulitsa kunja ulimi padziko lonse lapansi amaika mizere m'madoko kuti ayang'ane zotsalira za mankhwala ophera tizilombo (monga chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) motsutsana ndi miyezo yochokera kunja monga EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Komabe, mikwingwirima ili ndi zoletsa: kukhudzidwa (70–90%) ndi zotsatira za kuchuluka pang'ono zimatha kuphonya zotsalira zochepa. Mwachitsanzo, maantibayotiki a sulfonamide mu mkaka pafupi ndi malire a EU (10 μg/kg) amatha kukhala ndi zotsatira zabodza.
2. ELISA Kits: Precision Meets Throughput
ELISA imayesa zolinga kudzera mu zochita za enzyme-substrate, kukwaniritsa kukhudzidwa kwa pg/mL-level ndi kukonza batch (monga, 96-well plates):
Kulondola kwambiri ndi kuchuluka: Chofunika kwambiri pakutsatira malamulo. FDA ya ku US ilamula kuti mankhwala opha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a tetracycline asapitirire 300 μg/kg; ELISA imatsimikizira kuyeza kolondola kuti ipewe zilango zamalonda.
Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama kwapakati: Pa $5–20 pa mayeso aliwonse, ELISA imafuna samicroplate reader (3,000–$8,000). Kwa makampani apakatikati omwe amakonza zitsanzo 50–200 patsiku, ndalama zomwe zimawononga nthawi yayitali zimachepetsa kupereka ntchito kwa anthu ena ku ma lab.
Komabe, ELISA imafuna maola 2-4 pa nthawi iliyonse komanso njira zokhazikika, zomwe zimafuna anthu aluso.
II. Kusankha Mwanzeru Padziko Lonse
Zochitika Zitatu Zokonda Mizere Yoyesera Mwachangu
Kuwunika kwa Unyolo Wopereka Zinthu Kumtunda
Ma strip amaletsa mwachangu zinthu zopangira zoopsa kwambiri. Ogulitsa soya aku Brazil amayesa zotsalira za glyphosate asanatumize, zomwe zimatumiza ma batches ochepa okha kuti zitsimikizidwe mu labotale - zomwe zimachepetsa ndalama zoyesera ndi zoposa 30%.
Kuyang'anira Kutsatira Malamulo Osiyanasiyana
Oyang'anira misonkho kapena owerengera ndalama amagwiritsa ntchito mizere m'madoko kapena m'nyumba zosungiramo katundu kuti apewe kuchedwa kwa katundu. Ogulitsa nsomba za ku Vietnam amayesa nitrofuran metabolites pogwiritsa ntchito mizere kuti agwirizane ndi dongosolo la Japan la Positive List System.
Madera Ochepa Zinthu Zofunikira
Mafamu ang'onoang'ono kapena opanga zinthu m'maiko osatukuka amadalira mipiringidzo kuti achepetse zoopsa. Makampani opanga mkaka aku Africa amafufuza mkaka kuti awone ngati pali maantibayotiki omwe alipo, ndipo amatumiza zitsanzo zomwe zili ndi kachilomboka ku ma lab a m'madera osiyanasiyana.
Zochitika Zitatu Zokonda ELISA Kits
Chitsimikizo cha Kutumiza Zinthu Kunja ndi Mikangano Yalamulo
Kulondola ndi kutsata kwa ELISA ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti malamulo azitsatira. Ogulitsa zonunkhira aku India amapereka malipoti a aflatoxin B1 ochokera ku ELISA (chiwerengero cha EU: 2 μg/kg) kuti akwaniritse EC No. 1881/2006.
Zofunikira pa Kukula kwa Pakati ndi Pamwamba
Opanga akuluakulu kapena ma lab akuluakulu amapindula ndi kukonza kwa ELISA. Kampani ya mkaka ku Netherlands imayesa mkaka woposa magulu 500 tsiku lililonse kuti ipeze beta-lactams ndi tetracyclines mkati mwa maola anayi.
Kafukufuku ndi Kukonza Ubwino
Deta yochuluka ya ELISA imathandizira kuwunika kwa nthawi yayitali. Makampani opanga vinyo aku Chile amatsatira njira zophera tizilombo za carbendazim nyengo iliyonse kuti akonze bwino njira zogwiritsira ntchito minda ya mpesa.
III. Kuzindikira Mtengo ndi Phindu Padziko Lonse
Ndalama Zobisika ndi Kuchepetsa Zoopsa
Zinthu zabodza zomwe zimachokera ku mikanda zingayambitse kubwezeredwa kwa ana (monga ngozi ya salmonella ya makanda ku France mu 2021), pomwe mitengo ya zida za ELISA imachepa pang'onopang'ono. Anthu ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana amagwiritsa ntchito "kufufuza mikanda + kutsimikizira kwa ELISA" kuti agwirizane ndi mtengo ndi kutsatira malamulo.
Kugwirizana kwa Ukadaulo
Mizere yowonjezeredwa ndi zinthu zina: Mizere yolembedwa ndi tinthu tagolide ta nanoparticle imazindikira maantibayotiki pa 1 μg/kg, zomwe zimayandikira kukhudzidwa kwa ELISA.
Owerenga a ELISA onyamulikaZipangizo zazing'ono zimathandiza kuyesa pamalopo osakwana $1,500, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusiyana kwa magwiridwe antchito kuchepe.
IV. Kutsiliza: Kupanga Network Yofufuza Padziko Lonse
Kuti atsatire miyezo yosiyanasiyana yapadziko lonse lapansi (monga GB 2763 ya ku China, US EPA, EU EC), mabizinesi azakudya ayenera kusankha zida mosinthasintha:
Mizere yofulumira: Ikani patsogolo liwiro la kufufuza zinthu m'malo oyandikira, zadzidzidzi, kapena makonda opanda zinthu zofunikira.
Zida za ELISA: Perekani molondola pa satifiketi, kuchuluka kwa ntchito pakati, komanso zisankho zoyendetsedwa ndi deta.
Makampani apadziko lonse lapansi ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito njira yosiyana: Mwachitsanzo, makampani opanga mkaka aku India amagwiritsa ntchito mizere poyesa koyamba maantibayotiki, ELISA potsimikizira madera, ndi ma lab ovomerezeka (monga SGS, Eurofins) pa zitsanzo zomwe zikukambidwa. "Piramidi yozindikira" iyi imagwirizanitsa kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama ndi kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha malonda, ndikulimbitsa chitetezo cha chakudya padziko lonse lapansi.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-15-2025