Kutengera kuchulukirachulukira kwazakudya padziko lonse lapansi, chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha chakhala chisankho chodziwika bwino kwa ogula ku Europe, America, Asia, ndi madera ena chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwake. Komabe, pamene chakudya chikuyandikira tsiku lake lotha ntchito, kodi chiwopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo tating'onoting'ono chimakhalabe chowongolera? Kodi miyezo yachitetezo cha chakudya m'maiko osiyanasiyana imatanthauzira bwanji chitetezo cha chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha? Nkhaniyi ikuwunika momwe zakudya zilili panopa zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kutengera zomwe zayesedwa padziko lonse lapansi ndikupereka malingaliro asayansi ogula kwa ogula padziko lonse lapansi.
1. Msika Wapadziko Lonse Padziko Lonse Lapansi ndi Kusiyana kwa Malamulo a Chakudya Chapafupi ndi Kutha
Chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha nthawi zambiri chimatanthawuza zinthu zomwe zatsala gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu mpaka theka la moyo wawo wa alumali, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'magawo ochotsera m'masitolo akuluakulu kapena m'masitolo apadera apadera. Malamulo oyendetsera chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha amasiyana kwambiri m'maiko onse:
European Union (EU):Kulemba kovomerezeka kwa "kugwiritsa ntchito" (tsiku lomaliza lachitetezo) ndi "zabwino kwambiri m'mbuyomu" (tsiku lomaliza). Kugulitsa zakudya pafupi ndi tsiku la "kugwiritsa ntchito" ndikoletsedwa.
United States:Kupatula mkaka wa makanda, malamulo aboma safuna masiku otha ntchito, koma ogulitsa ayenera kuwonetsetsa chitetezo cha chakudya.
Japan:Lamulo la "Food Waste Reduction Promotion Act" limalimbikitsa kutsika mtengo kwa zakudya zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, koma kuyezetsa pafupipafupi kumafunika.
China:Kutsatira kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Anti-Food Waste Law" mu 2021, masitolo akuluakulu akhazikitsa magawo odzipereka azakudya zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha, koma miyezo yoyezetsa tizilombo imakhalabe yofanana ndi yazinthu zatsopano.
2. Miyezo Yoyesa Chitetezo cha Microbial Yodziwika Padziko Lonse
Malinga ndi malangizo ochokera kuCodex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), US FDA, ndi EU EFSA, chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha chikuyenera kuyang'aniridwa pazizindikiro zotsatirazi:
Total Aerobic Count (TAC):Zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa chakudya; kupitirira malire kungayambitse matenda otsegula m'mimba.
Matenda a Coliform:Amasonyeza ukhondo zinthu ndi kugwirizana ndi kuopsa kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mongaSalmonella.
Mold ndi Yisiti:Zofala m'malo achinyezi ndipo zimatha kutulutsa poizoni (mwachitsanzo,aflatoxins).
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:Phatikizani Listeria (yomwe imatha kumera potentha kwambiri) ndi Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Deta Yoyezetsa M'malire: Chigawo Chachitetezo cha Chakudya Chapafupi ndi Kutha
Mu 2025, International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) idagwirizana ndi ma laboratories m'maiko angapo kuyesa magulu asanu ndi limodzi azakudya omwe atsala pang'ono kutha, ndi zotsatirazi:
| Gulu la Chakudya | Mayeso Parameter | Malire a Chitetezo Padziko Lonse | Mtengo Wopambana mu Chakudya Chapafupi ndi Kutha |
| Pasteurized Mkaka (Germany) | Total Aerobic Count | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Saladi Yokonzekeratu (US) | Matenda a Coliform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Nkhuku Yokonzeka Kudya (UK) | Listeria | Sanapezeke | 5% |
| Zakudya Zamtedza (China) | Nkhungu | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Zotsatira zazikuluzikulu:
Magulu Owopsa Kwambiri:Zakudya zokonzeka kudya, zamkaka, ndi zakudya zomwe zidakonzedwa zidawonetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zotsatira za Kutentha Kosungirako:Zakudya zomwe sizinasungidwe mufiriji zinali ndi chiopsezo chochulukira katatu kuposa malire.
Kusiyana Kwapakatundu:Zakudya zodzaza ndi vacuum zinali zotetezeka kwambiri kuposa zomwe zimayikidwa nthawi zonse.
4. Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zomwe Zimakhudza Chitetezo cha Chakudya Chotsala Pang'ono Kutha
Kayang'aniridwe kazogulula:Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha pamayendedwe (mwachitsanzo, unyolo wozizira wosweka) kumathandizira kukula kwa tizilombo.
Kapangidwe ka Chakudya:Zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri (nyama) komanso zonyowa kwambiri (yogati) ndizosavuta kuwononga mabakiteriya.
Nyengo Yachigawo:Madera omwe ali ndi kutentha kwambiri komanso chinyezi chambiri (mwachitsanzo, kumwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia) amakumana ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha nkhungu m'zakudya zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
5. Malangizo Ogula Padziko Lonse Pakugula Motetezeka
Yang'anani Zolemba ndi Zosungirako:
Ikani patsogolo zakudya zowuma zolembedwa kuti "zabwino kwambiri" (mwachitsanzo, zophika, zamzitini).
Pewani mkaka ndi nyama zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha zomwe sizimasungidwa mufiriji.
Kuwunika kwa Sensory:
Tayani chakudya chilichonse chokhala ndi zotupa zotupa, zotuluka, nkhungu, kapena fungo loyipa nthawi yomweyo.
Chidziwitso Chachiwopsezo Chachigawo:
Europe & America:Yang'anani pa Listeria (zofala muzakudya zomwe zakonzeka kudyedwa).
Asia:Samalani ndi ma mycotoxins (monga ma aflatoxins mu mpunga ndi mtedza).
6. Malangizo a International Regulation and Industry
Zoyezera Zoyezera:Limbikitsani Codex kukhazikitsa malire enieni a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda a chakudya chomwe chatsala pang'ono kutha.
Zaukadaulo Zaukadaulo:Limbikitsani ma phukusi anzeru (mwachitsanzo, zowonetsa kutentha kwa nthawi).
Udindo Wamakampani:Ogulitsa akuyenera kukhazikitsa njira zoyezera zakudya zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha.
Kutsiliza: Kuyanjanitsa Chitetezo ndi Kukhazikika
Kupititsa patsogolo zakudya zomwe zatsala pang'ono kutha kumathandizira kuchepetsa kuwononga chakudya padziko lonse lapansi, koma chitetezo cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chikadali chovuta kwambiri. Ogwiritsa ntchito akuyenera kupanga zisankho mozindikira motengera malamulo akumaloko ndi zomwe zasayansi, pomwe mayiko akuyenera kugwirizana kuti apititse patsogolo miyezo, kuwonetsetsa kuti "kusunga" ndi "chitetezo" zitha kukhala limodzi.
Chikumbutso Chomaliza:Pankhani ya chitetezo cha chakudya, "mitengo yotsika" siyenera kutanthauza kugonja-makamaka magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu monga chakudya cha makanda ndi zakudya zokonzekera kudya, pomwe kusamala kuyenera kukhala koyambirira.
Nthawi yotumiza: May-20-2025