Ngakhale kuti chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito padziko lonse lapansi chikuchulukirachulukira, chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito nthawi yayitali chakhala chisankho chodziwika bwino kwa ogula ku Europe, America, Asia, ndi madera ena chifukwa cha mtengo wake wotsika. Komabe, pamene chakudya chikuyandikira tsiku lotha ntchito, kodi chiopsezo cha kuipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chikupitirirabe kulamulidwa? Kodi miyezo yotetezera chakudya m'maiko osiyanasiyana imafotokoza bwanji chitetezo cha chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito nthawi yayitali? Nkhaniyi ikuwunika momwe chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito nthawi yayitali chilili panopa komanso momwe zinthu zilili pa thanzi la tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kutengera deta yoyesera yapadziko lonse lapansi komanso kupereka malingaliro asayansi ogula padziko lonse lapansi.
1. Mkhalidwe wa Msika Padziko Lonse ndi Kusiyana kwa Malamulo a Chakudya Choyandikira Kutha Ntchito
Chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito nthawi zambiri chimatanthauza zinthu zomwe zatsala ndi gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu kapena theka la nthawi yake yosungiramo zinthu, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapezeka m'masitolo ogulitsa zinthu zotsika mtengo kapena m'masitolo apadera otchipa. Malamulo okhudza chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito nthawi zambiri amasiyana kwambiri m'maiko osiyanasiyana:
Mgwirizano wa ku Ulaya (EU):Kulemba koyenera kwa "use by" (deadline safety deadline) ndi "best before" (quality deadline). Kugulitsa chakudya chomwe chili pafupi ndi deadline ya "use by" n'koletsedwa.
United States:Kupatula mkaka wa makanda, malamulo aboma safuna masiku otha ntchito, koma ogulitsa ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti chakudya chili bwino.
Japan:Lamulo la "Kuchepetsa Kutaya kwa Chakudya" limalimbikitsa kugulitsa chakudya chotsika mtengo chomwe chili pafupi kutha ntchito, koma kuyezetsa nthawi zonse kumafunika.
China:Pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa "Lamulo Lotsutsana ndi Zinyalala Zachakudya" mu 2021, masitolo akuluakulu akhazikitsa magawo apadera a chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito, koma miyezo yoyesera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda imakhalabe yofanana ndi ya zinthu zatsopano.
2. Miyezo Yoyesera Chitetezo cha Tizilombo Tosaoneka Padziko Lonse
Malinga ndi malangizo ochokera kuCodex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), US FDA, ndi EU EFSA, chakudya chomwe chitsala pang'ono kutha ntchito chiyenera kuyang'aniridwa kuti chione zizindikiro zazikulu izi:
Chiwerengero Chonse cha Aerobic (TAC):Zimawonetsa kuchuluka kwa kuwonongeka kwa chakudya; kupitirira malire kungayambitse kutsegula m'mimba.
Mabakiteriya a Coliform:Zimasonyeza momwe zinthu zilili zaukhondo ndipo zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi zoopsa za tizilombo toyambitsa matenda mongaSalmonella.
Nkhungu ndi Yisiti:Zimapezeka m'malo onyowa ndipo zimatha kupanga poizoni (monga,poizoni wa aflatoxin).
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda:Phatikizanipo Listeria (yomwe imatha kumera kutentha kochepa) ndi Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Deta Yoyesera Malire: Chitetezo cha Chakudya Choyandikira Kutha Ntchito
Mu 2025, International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) idagwirizana ndi ma laboratories m'maiko angapo kuti ayesere mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya chakudya chomwe chimatha ntchito, ndi zotsatira izi:
| Gulu la Chakudya | Chizindikiro Choyesera | Malire a Chitetezo Padziko Lonse | Chiŵerengero cha Kuchuluka kwa Zakudya Zotsala Pafupi ndi Kutha |
| Mkaka Wophikidwa (Germany) | Chiwerengero Chonse cha Ma Aerobic | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Saladi Yokonzedwa Pasadakhale (US) | Mabakiteriya a Coliform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Nkhuku Yokonzeka Kudyedwa (UK) | Listeria | Sizinapezeke | 5% |
| Zakudya Zokhwasula-khwasula za Mtedza (China) | Nkhungu | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Zomwe Zapezeka:
Magulu Omwe Ali Pangozi Yaikulu:Nyama zokonzeka kudya, mkaka, ndi zakudya zokonzedwa zinawonetsa kuchuluka kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Zotsatira za Kutentha kwa Kusungirako:Zakudya zomwe sizinasungidwe mufiriji zinali ndi chiopsezo chopitirira malire katatu.
Kusiyana kwa Maphukusi:Zakudya zopakidwa mu vacuum zinali zotetezeka kwambiri kuposa zomwe zinkapakidwa m'mabokosi wamba.
4. Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Chitetezo cha Chakudya Chomwe Chimatha Pang'ono
Kayang'aniridwe kazogulula:Kusinthasintha kwa kutentha panthawi yoyendera (monga kusweka kwa unyolo wozizira) kumathandizira kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda.
Kuphatikizika kwa Chakudya:Zakudya zokhala ndi mapuloteni ambiri (nyama) ndi chinyezi chambiri (yogati) zimakhala zosavuta kuipitsidwa ndi mabakiteriya.
Nyengo ya Chigawo:Madera otentha kwambiri komanso omwe ali ndi chinyezi chambiri (monga Southeast Asia) amakumana ndi chiopsezo chachikulu cha nkhungu muzakudya zomwe zimatsala pang'ono kutha.
5. Malangizo Padziko Lonse a Ogula Pankhani Yogula Motetezeka
Chongani Zolemba ndi Mikhalidwe Yosungira:
Ikani patsogolo zakudya zouma zolembedwa kuti "zabwino kwambiri musanadye" (monga makeke, zakudya zam'chitini).
Pewani mkaka ndi nyama zomwe zimatsala pang'ono kutha ntchito zomwe sizikusungidwa mufiriji.
Kuyang'anira Kuzindikira:
Tayani chakudya chilichonse chokhala ndi mapaketi otupa, otuluka madzi, nkhungu, kapena fungo loipa nthawi yomweyo.
Chidziwitso cha Ziwopsezo Zachigawo:
Europe ndi America:Yang'anirani Listeria (yomwe imapezeka muzakudya zokonzeka kudyedwa).
Asia:Samalani ndi mycotoxins (monga aflatoxins mu mpunga ndi mtedza).
6. Malangizo a Malamulo ndi Makampani Padziko Lonse
Sinthani Mayeso Oyesera:Limbikitsani Codex kukhazikitsa malire enieni a tizilombo toyambitsa matenda pa chakudya chomwe chimatsala pang'ono kutha ntchito.
Zatsopano pa Ukadaulo:Limbikitsani kulongedza bwino (monga zizindikiro za kutentha kwa nthawi).
Udindo wa Kampani:Ogulitsa ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zoyesera chakudya chomwe chili pafupi kutha ntchito.
Kutsiliza: Kulinganiza Chitetezo ndi Kukhazikika
Kulimbikitsa chakudya chomwe chitsala pang'ono kutha ntchito kumathandiza kuchepetsa kutaya chakudya padziko lonse lapansi, koma chitetezo cha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda chikadali vuto lalikulu. Ogula ayenera kusankha mwanzeru potengera malamulo am'deralo ndi deta yasayansi, pomwe anthu apadziko lonse lapansi ayenera kugwirizana kuti akonze miyezo, kuonetsetsa kuti "ndalama zosungidwa" ndi "chitetezo" zitha kugwirira ntchito limodzi.
Chikumbutso Chomaliza:Ponena za chitetezo cha chakudya, "mtengo wotsika" suyenera kuvomereza kusagwirizana—makamaka pa magulu omwe ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu monga chakudya cha ana ndi chakudya chokonzeka kudya, komwe kusamala kuyenera kukhala patsogolo nthawi zonse.
Nthawi yotumizira: Meyi-20-2025