He āwangawanga nui te haumaru kai i roto i ngā mekameka tuku kai o te ao. Ko ngā toenga kai pēnei i ngā paturopi i roto i ngā hua miraka, i te nui rawa rānei o ngā patupatu i roto i ngā hua me ngā huawhenua, ka taea te whakaoho i ngā tautohe tauhokohoko o te ao, i ngā mōrearea hauora rānei o ngā kaihoko. Ahakoa he tika ngā tikanga whakamātautau taiwhanga tuku iho (hei tauira, HPLC, ine papatipu), he maha ngā wā kāore e tutuki i ngā hiahia o ngā pakihi o te ao te utu nui, te roa o te wā hurihanga, me te uaua o te mahi.Ngā rīpene whakamātautau teremengā kete whakamātautau immunosorbent hono-enzyme (ELISA)kua puta ake hei otinga utu-whai hua, ngāwari hoki mō ngā kaihanga kai, ngā kaweake, me ngā whakahaere ture. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei tuhinga ā rātou tono i roto i te haumaru kai o te ao, me te arotahi ki te kimi paturopi miraka me te tātari toenga patu pepeke.
I. Whakataurite Hangarau: Tere, Utu, me te Tika
1. Ngā Rīpene Whakamātautau Tere: Toa Tirotiro i te Papa
Ka whakamahia e ngā rīpene whakamātautau tere te hangarau immunochromatographic hei whakaputa i ngā hua tirohanga (hei tauira, ngā whitiki tae) i roto i te 5–15 meneti mā roto i ngā tauhohenga antigen-antibody. Ko ngā painga matua ko:
Utu tino itiI te $1–5 mō ia whakamātautau, he pai rawa atu ēnei mō te tirotiro auau-rahi. Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā whare miraka ngā rīpene hei tirotiro i te miraka mata i ia rā mō ngā paturopi beta-lactam (hei tauira, te penicillin), hei ārai i ngā puranga poke kei uru ki te mahi whakaputa.
Te whakahaere kore-taputapuMā ngā tikanga māmā ka taea e ngā kaimahi o te rārangi mua te whakahaere i ngā whakamātautau i muri i te whakangungu iti noa iho. Ka whakatakotohia e ngā kaihokohoko ahuwhenua o te ao ngā rīpene ki ngā tauranga hei tirotiro i ngā toenga patu pepeke (hei tauira, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) ki ngā paerewa kawemai pērā i ngā Herenga Toenga Mōrahi o te EU (MRL).
Heoi, he iti noa ngā herenga o ngā rīpene: te aro nui (70–90%), ā, tērā pea ka ngaro i ngā hua haurua-taunga ngā toenga iti. Hei tauira, ko ngā paturopi sulfonamide i roto i te miraka e tata ana ki te paepae EU (10 μg/kg) ka tūpono ki te puta he hua kino teka.
2. Ngā Kete ELISA: Te Tūtakitanga o te Tika me te Putanga o te Mahi
Ka inehia e te ELISA ngā whāinga mā roto i ngā tauhohenga whākōkī-papa, ka tutuki ai te aro ki te taumata pg/mL me te tukatuka puranga (hei tauira, ngā pereti 96-pūnga):
Te tino tika me te ine ineHe mea nui mō te tutuki i ngā ture. E whakahau ana te US FDA kia kaua e neke ake i te 300 μg/kg ngā paturopi tetracycline i roto i te waiū; ka whakarite a ELISA i te ine tika kia kore ai e whiua ngā mahi hokohoko.
Te whai huatanga o te utu waenga-awhe: Mō te $5–20 mō ia whakamātautau, me whakamahi te ELISA i te kaipānui microplate kotahi (3,000–$8,000). Mō ngā umanga rahi-waenga e tukatuka ana i te 50–200 tauira ia rā, ka whakaitihia te utu mō te tuku atu ki ngā taiwhanga mā ngā utu roa.
Heoi anō, e 2–4 hāora te roa o te oma e hiahiatia ana e te ELISA, me ngā tikanga paerewa anō hoki, e hiahiatia ana he kaimahi pūkenga.
II. Te Kōwhiringa Rautaki i roto i ngā Horopaki Ao
Ngā Āhuatanga e Toru e Pai Ana ki ngā Rīpene Whakamātautau Tere
Te Tirotiro i te Mekameka Tuku o Runga
Ka tere te hopu a ngā rīpene i ngā rauemi mata mōrearea nui. Ka tirotirohia e ngā kaihoko pīni soya o Brazil ngā toenga glyphosate i mua i te tuku, ka tukuna noa ngā puranga kino hei whakaū taiwhanga — ka whakaitihia ngā utu whakamātautau mā te neke atu i te 30%.
Ngā Arowhai Whakatutukitanga Whakawhiti-Rohe
Ka whakamahia e ngā tari tāke, e ngā kaitātari rānei ngā rīpene i ngā tauranga, i ngā whare putunga rānei, hei karo i ngā whakaroa utanga. Ka whakamātauhia e ngā kaihokohoko parāoa o Vietnam ngā matūkai nitrofuran me ngā rīpene kia tutuki ai ngā whakaritenga o te Pūnaha Rārangi Pai o Hapani.
Ngā Rohe Rauemi-He iti
Ko ngā pāmu iti, ngā kaihanga rānei i ngā whenua whakawhanake, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā rīpene hei whakahaere i te mōrearea. Ka tirotirohia te miraka e ngā kamupene miraka o Awherika mō ngā paturopi i te wāhi mahi, ka tukuna ngā tauira pai ki ngā taiwhanga ā-rohe.
Ngā Āhuatanga e Toru e Pai Ana ki ngā Kete ELISA
Te Tiwhikete Kaweake me ngā Tautohe Ture
He mea nui te tika me te whai i ngā whakaritenga ture a te ELISA. Ka whakaratohia e ngā kaihokohoko Inia ngā pūrongo aflatoxin B1 e ahu mai ana i te ELISA (paepae EU: 2 μg/kg) kia tutuki ai te EC Nama 1881/2006.
Ngā Hiahia mō te Whakaputa Waenga-ki-Teitei
Ka whai hua ngā kaihanga nui, ngā taiwhanga matua rānei i te tukatuka puranga a ELISA. Ka whakamātauhia e tētahi kamupene miraka Tatimana neke atu i te 500 ngā puranga miraka ia rā mō ngā beta-lactam me ngā tetracycline i roto i ngā haora e 4.
R&D me te Mana Kounga
Ka tautokohia e ngā raraunga tauanga a ELISA te aroturukitanga mō te wā roa. Ka whaihia e ngā whare hanga waina o Chile ngā ia o ngā wā e whakamahi ana i ngā patupatu carbendazim hei whakapai ake i ngā mahi māra waina.
III. Ngā Tirohanga Utu-Painga o te Ao
Ngā Utu Huna me te Whakaiti i te Mōrearea
Mā ngā hua kino teka mai i ngā rīpene ka arahi pea ki ngā whakahokinga mai (hei tauira, te aituā salmonella pēpi i Parani i te tau 2021), ko ngā utu taputapu ELISA ka heke haere i te tauine. Ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene ao whānui te "tirotiro rīpene + whakaū ELISA" hei whakataurite i te utu me te tutuki i ngā whakaritenga.
Te Huinga Hangarau
Ngā rīpene whakarei ake i te nanomaterialKa kitea e ngā rīpene kua tohua ki te matūriki koura ngā paturopi i te 1 μg/kg, e tata ana ki te tairongo ELISA.
Ngā kaipānui ELISA kaweMā ngā taputapu iti ka taea te whakamātautau i te papaanga i raro i te $1,500, ka whakawhāitihia te āputa tono.
IV. Whakamutunga: Te Hanga i tētahi Whatunga Kimi Ao
Hei whakatere i ngā paerewa o te ao whānui (hei tauira, te GB 2763 o Haina, te US EPA, te EU EC), me whiriwhiri hihiri ngā pakihi kai i ngā taputapu:
Ngā rīpene tereWhakatairangahia te tere mō ngā tirotiro o runga, ngā āhuatanga ohorere, ngā tautuhinga iti-rauemi rānei.
Ngā kete ELISAKia tika te whakaputa tiwhikete, kia tere te whakaputa, me ngā whakataunga e ahu mai ana i ngā raraunga.
Me whakamahi e ngā umanga o te ao tētahi rautaki taumata-maha: Hei tauira, ka whakamahia e ngā kamupene miraka Inia ngā rīpene mō te tirotiro tuatahi i ngā paturopi, te ELISA mō te whakaū ā-rohe, me ngā taiwhanga whaimana (hei tauira, SGS, Eurofins) mō ngā tauira tautohenga. Ka whakatauritehia e tēnei "piramita kimi" te whai huatanga o te utu me te whakaiti i te mōrearea hokohoko, ka whakapakari i te pūnaha haumaru kai o te ao.
Wā tuku: Mei-15-2025