ngā purongo

1. Te Whanaketanga Hihiri o te Nitrite

Mā te whakamahi i te ine-mārama hei aroturuki tonu i te tukanga whakapūkara, i whakaatuhia e te whakamātautau tētahi "piko tihi-rua" āhuatanga o te ihirangi nitrite. I te wāhanga tuatahi (0–24 hāora), i tere te huri a ngā huakita whakaiti-nitrite i ngā nitrite i roto i ngā huawhenua ki te nitrite, ka piki ake ngā taumata ki te 48 mg/kg. I te wāhanga tuarua (ngā rā 3–5), i āta pirau haere te nitrite i te tipu o ngā huakita waikawa lactic, ka whakahokia ngā taumata ki ngā awhe haumaru. He mea nui, ko ia pikinga 5°C o te pāmahana taiao ka tere ake te hanganga tihi mā te 12–18 hāora.

I whakaatuhia i roto i ngā whakatauritenga ki ngā kimchi arumoni, mā te whakahaere tika i ngā āhuatanga (1.5%–2.5% te tote, 15–20°C), ka whakawhāitihia ngā tihi nitrite ki raro iho i te 32 mg/kg. He rerekē, ko te kimchi i hangaia i te kāinga, he maha ngā wā kāore e taea te whakahaere i te pāmahana, ka neke ake i te 40 mg/kg, e tohu ana i te nui ake o ngā mōrearea haumaru i roto i ngā mahi ā-whare.

2. Ngā Pūwāhi Mana Tino Hira

He mea nui te kukū o te tote ki te taurite o ngā moroiti. Mēnā kei raro iho i te 1% te tote, ka tupu pai ngā huakita mate me ngā huakita whakaiti-nitā, ka puta wawe ake ngā tihi nitārite me ngā tihi teitei ake. I kitea i roto i te whakamātautau ko te 2.5% te tote te taurite tino pai, e pehi ana i ngā huakita kino me te tautoko i te pākia o ngā huakita waikawa lactic.

He mea nui anō hoki te whakahaere i te pāmahana. Ko te whakapūkara i te 20°C te mea i whakaatu i te mahi pūmau o ngā moroiti. Nā ngā pāmahana i runga ake i te 25°C i tere ake te whakapūkara engari i piki ake te mōrearea o te kore taurite o ngā moroiti, engari i raro iho i te 10°C i roa ake te wā haumaru ki te neke atu i te 20 rā. Mō te whakapūkara kāinga, e taunakihia ana te whakahaere pāmahana ā-wāhanga: 18–22°C mō ngā rā tuatahi e 3, ā, muri iho ka whakamatao.

He nui te pānga o te maimoatanga o mua i ngā kai ki ngā hua. Nā te whakamātao i te kāpeti mō te 30 hēkona i whakaiti i te nui o te hauota tuatahi mā te 43%, ā, i whakaheke i te tihi hauota whakamutunga mā te 27%. Mā te tāpiri i ngā kai whai huaora C (hei tauira, te tiri hou, ngā poro rēmana rānei) ka whakaitihia ngā tihi mā te 15%–20%.

3. Ngā Rautaki Kai Haumaru

E ai ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau, ka taea te wehewehe i te wā whakapūtanga kia toru ngā wāhanga:

Wā mōrearea (ngā rā 2–5):E rua ki te toru ngā wā e hipa ake ai ngā taumata o te nitrite i te paerewa haumaru o Haina (20 mg/kg). Me karo i te kai.

Wā whakawhiti (ngā rā 6–10):Ka heke haere ngā taumata ki ngā awhe tata ki te haumaru.

Wā haumaru (i muri i te rā 10):Ka noho pumau te hauota konutai i raro i te 5 mg/kg, ā, e kiia ana he haumaru mō te kai.

Ngā tikanga kua arotauhiaka taea te whakaiti i ngā mōrearea:

Mā te tikanga tāpiri tote piki haere (2.5% te tote tīmatanga, ka whakapiki ake ki te 3% i muri mai) me te tāpiri i te 5% o te wai tote kua pakeke, ka whakapotohia te wā mōrearea ki te 36 hāora.

Te whakaoho i ia wā kia puta ai te pirau o te hauota kua whakanuia ki te hāora mā te 40%.

Mō te pānga ohorere ki te nui o te hauota, i kitea he whai hua ngā tikanga whakaora:

Mā te tāpiri i te paura huaora C 0.1% mō ngā hāora e 6 ka heke te hauota mā te 60%.

I rite tonu ngā hua i puta i te whakaranu ki te kāriki mata (3% te taumaha).

E whakaū ana tēnei rangahau he mea matapae, he mea whakahaere hoki ngā mōrearea o ngā kai whakapūkara i hangaia i te kāinga. Mā te mārama ki ngā āhuatanga o te hauota me te whakatinana i ngā mana whakahaere tika—pērā i te pupuri i te tote 2.5%, te whakahaere pāmahana kua whakaritea, me te maimoatanga o mua o ngā kai—ka taea e ngā kaihoko te kai haumaru i ngā kai whakapūkara tuku iho. E taunakihia ana kia mau tonu he "rārangi whakapūkara" hei aroturuki i te pāmahana, te wā, me ētahi atu tawhā, kia hurihia ai ngā mahi kīhini hei mahi pūtaiao, hei mahi mōrearea.