amakuru

1. Inyama zikonje ugereranyije n'inyama zikonje: Kugereranya ibisobanuro n'uburyo bwo kuzitunganya

1)Inyama zikonje: Ubushya bubikwa ku bushyuhe buri hasi mu gihe cyose cyo kuzitunganya

Inyama zikonje, zizwi kandi nk'inyama zibitswe mu buryo bukonje kandi zakuwemo aside lactic, zikurikiza izi ntambwe zo gutunganya:

• Gukonjesha vuba nyuma yo kubagwa: Nyuma yo kubagwa, intumbi ikonjeshwa vuba kugeza kuri 0-4°C mu masaha 2 kugira ngo mikorobe zikomeze kororoka.
• Gukuraho aside lactic: Hanyuma irarekwa ikaruhukira ahantu hari ubushyuhe budahinduka mu gihe cy'amasaha 24-48 kugira ngo iboze aside lactic, yorohereze imitsi, kandi yongere uburyohe.
• Gutwara ibintu mu buryo bukonje: Kuva mu gutunganya kugeza ku kugurisha, ubushyuhe buguma hagati ya 0-4°C, kandi ubusanzwe igihe cyo kubibika ni iminsi 3-7.

2)Inyama zikonje: Gukonjesha vuba mu "buryo bwa mbere"

Ishingiro ry'inyama zikonjeshejwe riri mu "ikoranabuhanga ryo gukonjesha ryihuse":

• Gukonjesha vuba: Inyama nshya nyuma yo kuzibaga zihita zikonjeshwa ahantu hari munsi ya -28°C, bigatuma amazi yo mu ngirabuzimafatizo akora utuntu duto tw’urubura, bigagabanya kwangirika kw’ubwiza bw’inyama.
• Kubika igihe kirekire: Bishobora kubikwa mu bushyuhe budahinduka kuri -18°C mu gihe cy'amezi 6-12 kandi bigomba kubikwa vuba bishoboka nyuma yo gushonga. 

Itandukaniro ry'ingenzi:Inyama zikonje zishimangira uburyohe bushya kandi bworoshye ariko zibika igihe gito. Inyama zikonje zitakaza uburyohe bumwe kugira ngo zigume igihe kirekire.

1. Isuzuma ry'umubare wose wa bagiteriIgerageza: Imbogamizi ebyiri z'igihe n'ubushyuhe

Kugira ngo hagereranywe umutekano wa mikorobe z’ubwoko bubiri bw’inyama, ikigo cy’ibizamini cyemewe cyakoze igerageza ryihariye ku ngurube zo mu bwoko bumwe, cyigana imiterere y’ububiko bwo mu rugo:

Igishushanyo mbonera cy'igerageza

• Itsinda ry'icyitegererezo: Inyama nshya y'ingurube yagabanijwemo itsinda ry'inyama zikonje (zikonjeshwa kuri 0-4°C) n'itsinda ry'inyama zikonjeshwa (zikonjeshwa kuri -18°C).
• Igihe cyo Gupima: Umunsi wa 1 (imiterere y'ibanze), Umunsi wa 3, Umunsi wa 7, n'Umunsi wa 14 (ku itsinda ryakonje gusa).
• Ibipimo by'ibizamini: Umubare wose wa bagiteri (CFU/g), bagiteri za coliform, na bagiteri zitera indwara (SalmonellanaStaphylococcus aureus).

Ibisubizo by'igerageza

Igihe cyo Kugerageza	Umubare wose wa bagiteri ku nyama zikonje (CFU/g)	Umubare wose wa bagiteri ku nyama zikonje (CFU/g)
Umunsi wa 1	3.2×10⁴	1.1×10⁴
Umunsi wa 3	8.5×10⁵	1.3×10⁴ (itaraciwe)
Umunsi wa 7	2.3×10⁷ (irenga urugero ntarengwa rw'igihugu)	1.5×10⁴ (itaraciwe)
Umunsi wa 14	-	2.8×10⁴ (itaraciwe)

Gupima Inyama Zikonje Nyuma yo Kuzishongesha:

Nyuma yo gushonga no gushyirwa ahantu hashyushye cyane mu gihe cy'amasaha 24, umubare w'udukoko twose wa bagiteri wariyongereye ugera kuri 4.8 × 10⁵ CFU/g, wegera urwego rw'inyama zikonje ku munsi wa 3.

Umwanzuro w'igerageza

1) Inyama zikonje: Umubare wose wa bagiteri wiyongera cyane uko igihe kigenda gihita, ukarenga urugero rwa 1 × 10⁷ CFU/g rwavuzwe mu "Amabwiriza y'Igihugu y'Umutekano w'Ibiribwa" mu Bushinwa (GB 2707-2016) ku munsi wa 7.

2) Inyama zikonje: Imboga ziba hafi guhagarara kuri -18°C, ariko bagiteri zitangira gukora vuba nyuma yo gushonga, bigatuma zibora vuba.

3) Ingaruka za bagiteri zitera indwara: Nta bagiteri zitera indwara nka Salmonella zabonetse muri buri tsinda ry’ibipimo. Ariko, umubare munini wa bagiteri ushobora gutuma zigabanuka kandi zigatakaza impumuro nziza, bigatuma ibyago byo kuzirya byongera.

1. Ibitekerezo bitari byo ku ikoreshwa ry'ibicuruzwa n'ubuyobozi bwa siyansi mu kugura

Igitekerezo kibi cya 1Ese inyama zikonje zitekanye kurusha inyama zikonjeshejwe?
Ukuri: Umutekano wa byombi uterwa n'uburyo bibikwa. Iyo inyama zikonje zishyizwe ku maduka y'iduka igihe kirekire cyangwa zikabikwa mu rugo mu gihe kirenze iminsi itatu, ibyago bishobora kuba byinshi kuruta ibyo kuzibika muri firigo.

Igitekerezo kibi cya 2: Ese inyama zikonjeshejwe zitakaza intungamubiri cyane?
Ukuri: Ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo gukonjesha vuba rishobora kubika intungamubiri zirenga 90%, mu gihe inyama zikonje zishobora gutakaza vitamine nka B1 bitewe n’imikorere ya oxidation na enzyme hydrolysis. 

Inama ku kugura no kubika ibintu mu buryo bwa siyansi
1) Ku nyama zikonje:

Mu gihe uguze, reba ibara (umutuku utukura kandi ugaragara neza), imiterere (ifite ubushuhe butose gato kandi idafata), n'impumuro (idafite impumuro mbi cyangwa isharira).

Kugira ngo ubibike mu rugo, funga inyama ukoresheje pulasitiki hanyuma uzishyire ahantu hakonje cyane muri firigo (ubusanzwe hafi y'urukuta rw'inyuma), uzirye mu minsi itatu.

2)Ku nyama zikonjeshejwe:

Hitamo ibicuruzwa bifite urubura ruke kandi bidapfunyitse neza, wirinde "inyama z'ibihumyo" zashongeshejwe kandi zongeye gukonjeshwa.

Mu gihe ushongesha, koresha uburyo bwa "gahoro gahoro bwo kuzamuka k'ubushyuhe": kuva muri firigo ujya muri firigo mu gihe cy'amasaha 12, hanyuma winjize mu mazi y'umunyu kugira ngo ubyiteho burundu.

3)Amahame Rusange:

Sukura inyama n'amazi atemba mbere yo kuziteka, ariko wirinde kuzishyira mu mazi igihe kirekire.

Menya neza ko ubushyuhe bwo guteka imbere bugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 75 kugira ngo bagiteri zikore neza.