Umutekano mu biribwa uhangayikishijwe cyane no gutanga amasoko ku isi. Ibisigara nka antibiotike mu bicuruzwa by’amata cyangwa imiti yica udukoko twinshi mu mbuto n'imboga birashobora guteza amakimbirane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga cyangwa ingaruka z’ubuzima bw’umuguzi. Mugihe uburyo bwa gakondo bwo gupima laboratoire (urugero, HPLC, mass spectrometrie) butanga ibisobanuro, igiciro cyinshi, ibihe birebire, hamwe nibikorwa bigoye akenshi binanirwa kubahiriza igihe nyacyo cyibikorwa byubucuruzi bwisi yose.Ibizamini byihusenaenzyme-ihuza immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ibikoreshobyagaragaye nkibisubizo bihendutse, byoroshye ibisubizo kubakora ibiribwa, abohereza ibicuruzwa hanze, ninzego zishinzwe kugenzura. Iyi ngingo irasobanura uburyo bakoresha mu kwihaza mu biribwa ku isi, hibandwa ku kumenya amata antibiotique no gusesengura ibisigazwa byica udukoko.
I. Kugereranya tekinike: Umuvuduko, Igiciro, nukuri
1. Ibizamini byihuta byihuta: Kurubuga rwa Nyampinga
Ibizamini byihuse byifashisha tekinoroji ya immunochromatografique kugirango bitange ibisubizo biboneka (urugero, amabara yamabara) muminota 5-15 ukoresheje antigen-antibody. Ibyiza byingenzi birimo:
Igiciro gito: Ku $ 1-5 kuri buri kizamini, nibyiza mugusuzuma kenshi. Kurugero, ibihingwa byamata bifashisha imirongo kugirango berekane amata mbisi ya antibiotike ya beta-lactam (urugero, penisiline), ikabuza amatsinda yanduye kwinjira mu musaruro.
Imikorere idafite ibikoresho: Porotokole yoroshye ituma abakozi b'imbere bakora ibizamini nyuma y'amahugurwa make. Abahinzi bohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga ku isi bohereza ibyambu ku byambu kugira ngo barebe ibisigazwa byica udukoko (urugero, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) binyuranyije n’ibicuruzwa bitumizwa mu mahanga nka EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Nyamara, imirongo ifite aho igarukira: sensitivite (70-90%) hamwe nigice cya kabiri cyibisubizo bishobora kubura ibisigisigi. Kurugero, antibiyotike ya sulfonamide mumata hafi yumuryango w’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi (10 μg / kg) ishobora guteza ingaruka mbi.
2. ELISA Kits: Precision ihura nibisohoka
ELISA igereranya intego ikoresheje reaction ya enzyme-substrate, igera kuri pg / mL kurwego rwo kwiyumvisha ibintu no gutunganya ibyiciro (urugero, amasahani 96-meza):
Ibisobanuro byuzuye kandi byuzuye: Nibyingenzi kubahiriza amabwiriza. FDA yo muri Amerika itegeka antibiyotike ya tetracycline mu mata itarenga 300 μg / kg; ELISA itanga ibipimo nyabyo kugirango birinde ibihano byubucuruzi.
Hagati yo gukoresha neza ibiciro: Ku $ 5–20 kuri buri kizamini, ELISA isaba umusomyi wa samicroplate (3000- $ 8,000). Ku mishinga iciriritse itunganya ingero za 50-200 buri munsi, ibiciro byigihe kirekire munsi yohereza muri laboratoire.
Nyamara, ELISA isaba amasaha 2-4 kuri kwiruka na protocole isanzwe, ikenera abakozi babahanga.
II. Guhitamo Ingamba Mubice Byisi
Ibihe bitatu Bikunda Ibizamini Byihuse
Hejuru yo Gutanga Urunigi Kugenzura
Imirongo ihita ifata ibikoresho byibanze bishobora guteza ibyago. Soya yo muri Berezile yohereza ibicuruzwa muri prescreen ibisigazwa bya glyphosate mbere yo koherezwa, byohereza gusa ibice bibi byo kwemeza laboratoire - kugabanya ibiciro byo kwipimisha hejuru ya 30%.
Igenzura ryambukiranya imipaka
Gasutamo cyangwa abagenzuzi bakoresha imirongo ku byambu cyangwa mu bubiko kugira ngo imizigo itinde. Abanya Viyetinamu bohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga bapima nitrofuran metabolite bafite imirongo kugirango bubahirize Sisitemu nziza y’Ubuyapani.
Uturere tugarukira
Imirima mito cyangwa itunganyirizwa mubihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere yishingikiriza kumurongo wo kugenzura ingaruka. Amakoperative y’amata yo muri Afurika yerekana amata kuri antibiyotike ku rubuga, yerekeza ingero nziza muri laboratoire zo mu karere.
Ibintu bitatu bikunda ELISA ibikoresho
Kwohereza ibicuruzwa hanze no gutongana byemewe n'amategeko
Ibisobanuro bya ELISA no gukurikiranwa ni ngombwa mu kubahiriza amategeko. Ibicuruzwa byohereza ibicuruzwa mu Buhinde bitanga raporo ya ELISA ishingiye kuri aflatoxin B1 (imbibi z’ubumwe bw’ibihugu by’Uburayi: 2 μg / kg) kugira ngo ihure na EC No 1881/2006.
Hagati-Kuri-Hejuru Yinjiza Ibisabwa
Inganda nini cyangwa laboratoire zo hagati zungukirwa no gutunganya ELISA. Uruganda rukora amata yo mu Buholandi rusuzuma amata 500+ buri munsi kuri beta-lactams na tetracyclines mu masaha 4.
R&D no kugenzura ubuziranenge
Umubare wuzuye wa ELISA ushyigikira gukurikirana igihe kirekire. Inzoga zo muri Chili zikurikirana ibihe bya karbendazim yica udukoko twangiza imizabibu.
III. Ibiciro Byisi-Byunguka Ubushishozi
Ibiciro byihishe hamwe no kugabanya ingaruka
Ibibi biturutse kumurongo bishobora gutuma umuntu yibuka (urugero, Ubufaransa bwabaye muri 2021 impinja za salmonella), mugihe ibikoresho bya ELISA bigabanuka nubunini. Ibihugu byinshi byemeza "gukuramo ibizamini + kwemeza ELISA" kugirango uhuze ibiciro no kubahiriza.
Ihuriro ry'ikoranabuhanga
Nanomaterial-yazamuye imirongo: Zahabu ya nanoparticle yanditseho antibiyotike kuri 1 μg / kg, hafi ya ELISA.
Basomyi ba ELISA: Ibikoresho byoroheje bituma ibizamini biri munsi y $ 1.500, bigabanya icyuho gisabwa.
IV. Umwanzuro: Kubaka umuyoboro rusange wo kumenya
Kugendera ku bipimo mpuzamahanga bitandukanye (urugero, Ubushinwa GB 2763, US EPA, EU EC), ubucuruzi bwibiribwa bugomba guhitamo ibikoresho:
Imirongo yihuse: Shyira imbere umuvuduko wo hejuru ugenzura, ibyihutirwa, cyangwa ibikoresho bike.
ELISA kits: Tanga ibisobanuro byukuri kugirango ubyemeze, hagati-byinjira cyane, hamwe nibyemezo bishingiye ku makuru.
Ibigo byo ku isi bigomba gufata ingamba zitandukanye: Urugero, amakoperative y’amata yo mu Buhinde akoresha imirongo yo gusuzuma antibiyotike ya mbere, ELISA kugira ngo yemeze akarere, na laboratoire zemewe (urugero, SGS, Eurofins) ku byitegererezo bitavugwaho rumwe. Iyi "detection pyramid" iringaniza ibiciro hamwe no kugabanya ingaruka z’ubucuruzi, bishimangira urusobe rw’ibiribwa ku isi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-15-2025