Umutekano w'ibiribwa ni ikibazo gikomeye mu miyoboro y'ibicuruzwa ku isi. Ibisigazwa nka antibiyotike mu bikomoka ku mata cyangwa imiti yica udukoko twinshi mu mbuto n'imboga bishobora gutera amakimbirane mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga cyangwa ibyago ku buzima bw'abaguzi. Nubwo uburyo gakondo bwo gupima muri laboratwari (urugero: HPLC, mass spectrometry) butanga ubuziranenge, ibiciro byabyo biri hejuru, igihe kirekire cyo gukora, n'uburyo imikorere igoye akenshi ntibishobora guhaza ibyifuzo by'ibigo by'ubucuruzi ku isi.Imirongo y'ibizamini byihusenaibikoresho byo gusuzuma immunosorbent (ELISA) bifitanye isano na enzyme (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay).byagaragaye nk'ibisubizo bihendutse kandi byoroshye ku bakora ibiribwa, abohereza mu mahanga, n'inzego zishinzwe kugenzura. Iyi nkuru irasuzuma ikoreshwa ryabyo mu kubungabunga umutekano w'ibiribwa ku isi, yibanda ku gupima imiti yica udukoko mu mata no gusesengura ibisigazwa by'imiti yica udukoko.
I. Igereranya rya tekiniki: Umuvuduko, Ikiguzi, n'Uburyo bworoshye
1. Imirongo y'ibizamini byihuse: Intsinzi yo gusuzuma aho umuntu aherereye
Imirongo y’ibizamini byihuse ikoresha ikoranabuhanga rya immunochromatographic kugira ngo itange ibisubizo bigaragara (urugero, imigozi y’amabara) mu minota 5-15 binyuze mu mikorere ya antigen-antibody. Ibyiza by’ingenzi birimo:
Igiciro gito cyane: Ku gipimo cya $1–5 kuri buri $, ni byiza cyane mu gusuzuma amata inshuro nyinshi. Urugero, ibimera by'amata bikoresha uduce duto kugira ngo bipime amata mabi buri munsi kugira ngo hatabaho antibiyotike za beta-lactam (urugero, penisiline), bikarinda ko amata yanduye yinjira mu musaruro.
Umurimo udafite ibikoresho: Amabwiriza yoroshye yemerera abakozi bo ku murongo w’imbere gukora ibizamini nyuma yo guhabwa amahugurwa make. Abashoramari bohereza mu mahanga ubuhinzi ku isi bashyira imirongo ku byambu kugira ngo barebe ibisigazwa by’imiti yica udukoko (urugero: chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) hakurikijwe amabwiriza agenga itumizwa mu mahanga nka EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Ariko, uduce dufite imbogamizi: ubushobozi bwo kuvura (70–90%) kandi ibisubizo by'ingano nke bishobora kubura ibisigazwa by'uturemangingo. Urugero, imiti ya sulfonamide mu mata hafi y'umubare w'ibihugu by'Uburayi (10 μg/kg) ishobora gutuma habaho ingaruka mbi zitari zo.
2. ELISA Kits: Uburyo bwo gukora neza buhura n'umusaruro
ELISA ipima intego binyuze mu buryo bwa enzyme-substrate reactions, ikagera ku rwego rwa pg/mL ndetse no gutunganya batch (urugero, 96-well plates):
Ubuhanga bwo hejuru n'ingano: Ni ngombwa cyane kugira ngo amategeko akurikizwa. FDA yo muri Amerika itegeka imiti igabanya ubukana bwa tetracycline mu mata itarenze 300 μg/kg; ELISA igenzura neza ibipimo kugira ngo hirindwe ibihano by'ubucuruzi.
Ikoreshwa ry'ibiciro biri hagati: Ku madolari 5–20 kuri buri kizamini, ELISA isaba samicroplate reader (3.000–8.000). Ku bigo biciriritse bitunganya ingero 50–200 ku munsi, ikiguzi cy'igihe kirekire kigabanya uburyo bwo kohereza serivisi muri laboratwari.
Nyamara, ELISA isaba amasaha 2-4 kuri buri kwiruka hamwe n'amabwiriza asanzwe, bigasaba abakozi b'abahanga.
II. Guhitamo ingamba mu rwego rw'isi
Ibintu bitatu bifasha gupima vuba
Igenzura ry'uruhererekane rw'ibicuruzwa mu kirere
Imirongo ifata vuba ibikoresho fatizo bishobora guteza akaga. Abohereza soya bo muri Brezili bapima mbere y’uko ibisigazwa bya glyphosate bitangwa, bohereza gusa ibisigazwa byangiritse kugira ngo byemezwe muri laboratwari - bigabanya ikiguzi cyo gupima ku kigero kirenga 30%.
Igenzura ry’iyubahirizwa ry’amategeko ku mipaka
Abashinzwe imisoro cyangwa abagenzuzi bakoresha imirongo ku byambu cyangwa mu bubiko kugira ngo birinde gutinda kw'imizigo. Abashoramari bo muri Vietnam bapima metabolites za nitrofuran bakoresheje imirongo kugira ngo bakurikize gahunda y'urutonde rwiza rw'Ubuyapani.
Uturere dufite umutungo muke
Amasambu mato cyangwa inganda zitunganya amata mu bihugu bikiri mu nzira y'amajyambere zishingikiriza ku bipimo byo kugenzura ingaruka zishobora guterwa n'amata. Amakoperative y'amata yo muri Afurika asuzuma amata asanzwe, yohereza ingero zanduye muri laboratwari zo mu karere.
Ibintu bitatu bikunda ibikoresho bya ELISA
Icyemezo cyo kohereza ibicuruzwa mu mahanga n'amakimbirane ashingiye ku mategeko
Ubuhanga bwa ELISA no gukurikirana neza ni ingenzi kugira ngo amategeko ashyirwe mu bikorwa. Abashoramari bo mu Buhinde batanga raporo za aflatoxin B1 zishingiye kuri ELISA (urugero rwa EU: 2 μg/kg) kugira ngo bihuzwe n'Itegeko Nshinga rya EC No. 1881/2006.
Ibisabwa ku musaruro uri hagati kugeza kuri hejuru
Inganda nini cyangwa laboratwari nini zungukira mu gutunganya amata ya ELISA. Ikigo cy’amata cyo mu Buholandi gipima amata arenga 500 buri munsi kugira ngo kibone beta-lactam na tetracyclines mu masaha 4.
Ubushakashatsi n'Iterambere n'Igenzura ry'Ubuziranenge
Amakuru y’imibare ya ELISA ashyigikira igenzura ry’igihe kirekire. Inganda zikora divayi zo muri Chili zikurikirana imiterere y’imiti yica udukoko mu gihe cy’ihinga ya karubendazim kugira ngo zirusheho kunoza imikorere y’inzabibu.
III. Isesengura ry'Ibiciro n'Inyungu ku Isi
Ibiciro byihishe n'uburyo bwo kugabanya ibyago
Ibinyoma bitari byo bishobora gutuma habaho kwimurirwa mu nzu (urugero, impanuka y’amata y’abana ya salmonella mu Bufaransa mu 2021), mu gihe ibiciro by’ibikoresho bya ELISA bigabanuka uko bingana. Ibihugu byinshi bikoresha "gupima imyenda y’inkoni + kwemeza ELISA" kugira ngo bihuze ikiguzi n’uko amategeko abigenga.
Guhuza ikoranabuhanga
Imirongo yongereweho ibikoresho bya nano: Uduce twa zahabu dufite ikirango cya nanoparticles tubona antibiyotike kuri 1 μg/kg, hafi y’uburyo bwo kumva ELISA.
Ibisomyi bya ELISA bitwarwa: Ibikoresho bito bitanga ubushobozi bwo gupima biri munsi ya $1,500, bigabanya icyuho cyo gukoresha.
IV. Umwanzuro: Kubaka Umuyoboro Mpuzamahanga w’Isuzuma
Kugira ngo hagenderwe ku mahame mpuzamahanga atandukanye (urugero, GB 2763 y’Ubushinwa, US EPA, EU EC), ubucuruzi bw’ibiribwa bugomba guhitamo ibikoresho mu buryo buhamye:
Imirongo yihuse: Shyira imbere umuvuduko w'igenzura rikuru, ibiza, cyangwa ahantu hadafite amikoro menshi.
Ibikoresho bya ELISA: Gutanga ubushishozi ku bijyanye n'impamyabumenyi, ubwinshi bw'ibicuruzwa, n'ibyemezo bishingiye ku makuru.
Ibigo mpuzamahanga bigomba gushyiraho ingamba zitandukanye: Urugero, amakoperative y’amata yo mu Buhinde akoresha imirongo yo gupima imiti yica udukoko, ELISA kugira ngo yemezwe mu karere, na laboratwari zemewe (urugero, SGS, Eurofins) kugira ngo haboneke ingero zitumvikana. Iyi "piramide yo gupima" igereranya ikiguzi n'ingaruka mbi ku bucuruzi, ikomeza urwego rw'umutekano w'ibiribwa ku isi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gicurasi-15-2025