Ukhuseleko lokutya luyinto ebalulekileyo kwiindlela zokubonelela ngeenkonzo zehlabathi. Iintsalela ezifana nee-antibiotics kwiimveliso zobisi okanye izibulali-zinambuzane ezigqithisileyo kwiziqhamo nakwimifuno zinokubangela iingxabano zorhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe okanye iingozi zempilo zabathengi. Nangona iindlela zovavanyo lwelabhoratri zemveli (umz., i-HPLC, i-mass spectrometry) zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo, iindleko zazo eziphezulu, amaxesha okutshintsha ade, kunye nobunzima bokusebenza zihlala zisilela ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zamashishini ehlabathi.Imicu yovavanyo olukhawulezayokwayeizixhobo zovavanyo lwe-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ezidityaniswe ne-enzymeziye zavela njengezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu neziguquguqukayo kubavelisi bokutya, abathumela ngaphandle, kunye namaqumrhu alawulayo. Eli nqaku lihlola ukusetyenziswa kwazo kukhuseleko lokutya lwehlabathi, ligxile ekufumaneni amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane obisi kunye nohlalutyo lwentsalela yezibulali-zinambuzane.
I. Uthelekiso loBugcisa: Isantya, Ixabiso, kunye nokuChaneka
1. IiStrips zoVavanyo oluKhawulezayo: Intshatsheli yoHlolo olukwiNdawo
Ii-strip zovavanyo ezikhawulezayo zisebenzisa itekhnoloji ye-immunochromatographic ukuvelisa iziphumo ezibonakalayo (umz., ii-bands ezinemibala) kwimizuzu emi-5-15 ngokusebenzisa ii-antigen-antibody reactions. Iingenelo eziphambili ziquka:
Ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu: Nge-$1–5 ngovavanyo ngalunye, zilungele ukuvavanywa rhoqo. Umzekelo, izityalo zobisi zisebenzisa imicu ukuvavanya ubisi olungavuthwanga imihla ngemihla ukuze zifumane ii-antibiotics ze-beta-lactam (umz., i-penicillin), nto leyo ethintela ukuba iibhetshi ezingcolisiweyo zingangeni kwimveliso.
Ukusebenza ngaphandle kwezixhobo: Iinkqubo ezilula zivumela abasebenzi abaphambili ukuba benze uvavanyo emva koqeqesho oluncinci. Abathengisi bezolimo behlabathi bathumela imicu kwizibuko ukujonga iintsalela zezibulali-zinambuzane (umz., i-chlorothalonil, i-chlorothalonil) ngokuchasene nemigangatho yokungenisa njenge-EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Nangona kunjalo, imicu inemida: uvakalelo (70–90%) kunye neziphumo ze-semi-quantitative zinokungafumani iintsalela ezilandelelanayo. Umzekelo, amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane e-sulfonamide kubisi olukufutshane nomda we-EU (10 μg/kg) abeka emngciphekweni iziphumo ezingezizo.
2. Iikhithi ze-ELISA: Ubuchule buhlangabezana nomphumo
I-ELISA ilinganisa iithagethi ngokusebenzisa ii-enzyme-substrate reactions, ifezekisa uvakalelo lwe-pg/mL-level kunye nokucubungula i-batch (umz., ii-96-well plates):
Ukuchaneka okuphezulu kunye nobungakanani: Kubalulekile ukuthotyelwa kwemithetho. I-US FDA iyalela ukuba amayeza okubulala iintsholongwane e-tetracycline kubisi angadluli kwi-300 μg/kg; I-ELISA iqinisekisa ukulinganiswa ngokuchanekileyo ukuze kuthintelwe izohlwayo zorhwebo.
Ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko eziphakathi: Kwi-$5–20 ngovavanyo ngalunye, i-ELISA ifuna i-samicroplate reader (3,000–$8,000). Kumashishini aphakathi acubungula iisampulu ezingama-50–200 zemihla ngemihla, iindleko zexesha elide zinciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe kwiilabhoratri.
Sekunjalo, i-ELISA ifuna iiyure ezi-2-4 ngomdyarho ngamnye kunye neenkqubo ezimiselweyo, nto leyo edinga abasebenzi abanezakhono.
II. Ukhetho oluCwangcisiweyo kwiiMeko zeHlabathi
Iziganeko Ezintathu Ezikhetha Iintambo Zovavanyo Ezikhawulezayo
Uvavanyo lweCandelo loNikezelo oluPhezulu
Ii-Strips zibamba ngokukhawuleza izinto ezikrwada ezinobungozi obuphezulu. Abathengisi besoya baseBrazil bahlola iintsalela ze-glyphosate ngaphambi kokuba zithunyelwe, bethumela kuphela iibhetshi ezingalunganga ukuze kuqinisekiswe elebhu - nto leyo enciphisa iindleko zovavanyo ngaphezulu kwe-30%.
Ukuhlolwa kokuthobela imithetho enqamlezileyo
Abaphathi berhafu okanye abahloli basebenzisa imicu emachwebeni okanye kwiindawo zokugcina impahla ukuze baphephe ukulibaziseka kwemithwalo. Abathumeli beentlanzi baseVietnam bavavanya ii-metabolites ze-nitrofuran ngemicu ukuze bathobele iNkqubo yoLuhlu oluPhambili lwaseJapan.
Iingingqi Ezinqongopheleyo Kwimithombo
Iifama ezincinci okanye iiprosesa kumazwe asakhasayo zixhomekeke kwiistrip zokulawula umngcipheko. Iinkampani zobisi zaseAfrika zihlola ubisi ukuze zibone ukuba azinazo na ii-antibiotics kwindawo leyo, zithumela iisampulu ezineziphumo ezifanayo kwiilabhoratri zengingqi.
Iziganeko Ezintathu Ezikhetha Iikhithi ze-ELISA
Isiqinisekiso sokuthumela kwamanye amazwe kunye neengxabano zomthetho
Ukuchaneka kunye nokulandeleka kwe-ELISA kubalulekile ukuze kuthotyelwe umthetho. Abathengisi beziqholo baseIndiya banikezela ngeengxelo ze-aflatoxin B1 ezisekelwe kwi-ELISA (umlinganiselo we-EU: 2 μg/kg) ukuhlangabezana ne-EC No. 1881/2006.
Iimfuno zoPhuculo oluPhakathi ukuya koluPhezulu
Abavelisi abakhulu okanye iilabhoratri eziphambili ziyazuza kwi-ELISA's batch processing. Inkampani yobisi yaseDatshi ivavanya iibhetshi zobisi ezingaphezu kwama-500 imihla ngemihla ukuze ifumane i-beta-lactams kunye ne-tetracyclines kwiiyure ezi-4.
Uphando noPhuhliso kunye noLawulo loMgangatho
Idatha yobungakanani ye-ELISA ixhasa ukujongwa kwexesha elide. Iivenkile zewayini zaseChile zilandelela iindlela zokubulala izinambuzane ze-carbendazim zonyaka ukuze kuphuculwe iindlela zokutyala izidiliya.
III. Ukuqonda ngeendleko neenzuzo zehlabathi
Iindleko Ezifihlakeleyo kunye Nokunciphisa Umngcipheko
Iingxelo ezingezizo ezilungileyo ezivela kwimigca zinokubangela ukuba kubuyiselwe imali (umz., isiganeko se-salmonella yefomyula yosana eFransi ngo-2021), ngelixa iindleko zezixhobo ze-ELISA zincipha ngobuninzi. Amazwe ngamazwe asebenzisa "ukuhlolwa kwemigca + ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ELISA" ukulinganisela iindleko kunye nokuthobela imithetho.
Ukudibana kobuchwepheshe
Imicu ephuculweyo yezinto ezisetyenziswayo: Imicu yegolide ebhalwe ii-nanoparticle ibona ii-antibiotics kwi-1 μg/kg, nto leyo esondela kwi-ELISA.
Izifundi ze-ELISA eziphathekayoIzixhobo ezincinci zivumela uvavanyo olukwindawo olungaphantsi kwe-$1,500, nto leyo enciphisa umsantsa wokusetyenziswa.
IV. Isiphelo: Ukwakha iNethiwekhi yokuFumanisa iHlabathi
Ukuze kulandelwe imigangatho eyahlukeneyo yamazwe ngamazwe (umz., i-GB 2763 yaseTshayina, i-US EPA, i-EU EC), amashishini okutya kufuneka akhethe izixhobo ngendlela etshintshatshintshayo:
Imicu ekhawulezayo: Beka phambili isantya sokuhlola okuphezulu, iimeko ezingxamisekileyo, okanye useto olungenazo izixhobo eziluncedo.
Iikiti ze-ELISA: Nika ngokuchanekileyo isiqinisekiso, ukukhupha okuphakathi, kunye nezigqibo eziqhutywa yidatha.
Amashishini ehlabathi kufuneka amkele icebo elinamanqanaba ahlukeneyo: Umzekelo, amashishini obisi aseIndiya asebenzisa imicu yokusika xa ehlola amachiza okubulala iintsholongwane, i-ELISA xa kuqinisekiswa imimandla, kunye neelabhoratri ezivunyiweyo (umz., i-SGS, i-Eurofins) xa kuthelekiswa iisampulu eziphikisanayo. Le "piramidi yokufumanisa" ilinganisa ukusebenza kakuhle kweendleko kunye nokunciphisa umngcipheko worhwebo, iqinisa inkqubo yokhuseleko lokutya yehlabathi.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-15-2025