Ngokuchasene nemvelaphi yokwanda kokulahlwa kokutya kwihlabathi, ukutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha kuye kwaba lukhetho oludumileyo kubathengi baseYurophu, eMelika, eAsia nakweminye imimandla ngenxa yokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukutya kusondela kumhla wokuphelelwa kwayo, ngaba umngcipheko wongcoliseko lwe-microbial uhlala uphantsi kolawulo? Imigangatho yokhuseleko lokutya kumazwe ahlukeneyo iluchaza njani ukhuseleko lokutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha? Eli nqaku lihlalutya imeko yangoku yokhuseleko lwe-microbial yokutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokusekwe kwidatha yovavanyo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye ibonelela ngeengcebiso zokuthenga zesayensi kubathengi behlabathi.
1. Ubume beMakethi yeHlabathi kunye noMahluko oLawulwayo wokuTya okuFane nokuphelelwa lixesha
Ukutya okukufutshane nokuphelelwa ngokuqhelekileyo kubhekisa kwiimveliso ezinesinye kwisithathu ukuya kwisiqingatha sobomi bazo obushiyekileyo, zihlala zifumaneka kumacandelo esaphulelo sevenkile enkulu okanye kwiivenkile ezinezaphulelo ezikhethekileyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yokulawula ukutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa kwayo iyohluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe:
IManyano yaseYurophu (EU):Ukuleyibheli okusisinyanzelo "kokusetyenziswa ngu" (umhla wokugqibela wokhuseleko) kunye "neyona nto iphambili" (umgangatho wokugqibela). Ukuthengiswa kokutya kufutshane nomhla "wokusetyenziswa" akuvumelekanga.
Amazwe Amanyene:Ngaphandle kwefomula yeentsana, imimiselo ye-federal ayifuni imihla yokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa abathengisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukhuseleko lokutya.
Japhan:"UMthetho wokuKhuthaza ukuNcitshiswa kweNkunkuma yoKutya" ukhuthaza ukuthengiswa okuthotyiweyo kokutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha, kodwa uvavanyo rhoqo luyafuneka.
eTshayina:Ukulandela ukuphunyezwa koMthetho othi "Anti-Food Waste Law" ngo-2021, iivenkile ezinkulu ziye zaseka amacandelo azinikeleyo okutya okuphelelwa lixesha, kodwa imigangatho yovavanyo lwemicrobial ihlala ifana neyeemveliso ezintsha.
2. ImiGangatho yoVavanyo loKhuseleko lweMicrobial olwaMkelwe kwihlabathi jikelele
Ngokwezikhokelo ezivela kwiIKhomishini yeCodex Alimentarius (Codex), i-US FDA, kunye ne-EU EFSA, ukutya okukufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha kufuneka kubekwe esweni kwezi zalathisi ziphambili zilandelayo:
Ubalo olupheleleyo lweAerobic (TAC):Ibonakalisa iqondo lokonakaliswa kokutya; ukugqithiswa kwemida kunokubangela urhudo.
Intsholongwane ye-Coliform:Ibonisa iimeko zococeko kwaye inxulunyaniswa nemingcipheko yeentsholongwane ezifanaSalmonella.
Umngundo kunye negwele:Ixhaphakile kwindawo ezifumileyo kwaye inokuvelisa ityhefu (umz.,iiaflatoxins).
Iintsholongwane:Bandakanya iListeria (enokukhula kumaqondo aphantsi) kunye neStaphylococcus aureus.
3. Idatha yoVavanyo lweCross-Border: I-Threshold yoKhuseleko yoKutya okuNear-Expiry
Ngo-2025, i-International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) yasebenzisana neelebhu kumazwe amaninzi ukuvavanya iindidi ezintandathu zokutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha, ngezi ziphumo zilandelayo:
| Udidi lokutya | Uvavanyo lweParameter | Umda woKhuseleko lwaMazwe ngaMazwe | Ireyithi yokuGqisa ekutyeni okuNear-Expiry |
| Ubisi olufakwe kwi-Pasteurized (eJamani) | Ubalo lweAerobic iyonke | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Isaladi epakishwe kwangaphambili (US) | Intsholongwane yeColiform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Inkukhu elungele ukutyiwa (eUK) | Listeria | Ayifunyanwa | 5% |
| I- Nut Snacks (eTshayina) | Ukungunda | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Iziphumo eziphambili:
Iindidi zoMngcipheko omkhulu:Inyama esele ilungele ukutyiwa, iimveliso zobisi, kunye nezidlo ezilungisiweyo zibonise amazinga aphezulu okugqithiswa kwe-microbial.
Impembelelo yoBubushushu boGcino:Ukutya okungagcinwanga efrijini kunomngcipheko ophindwe kathathu wokugqithiswa kwemida.
Umahluko wokuPakisha:Ukutya okupakishwe ngevacuum bekukhuseleke kakhulu kunoko kupakishwe ngokwesiqhelo.
4. Imiba ePhambili echaphazela uKhuseleko loKutya oKufutshane
Ulawulo lwekhonkco lonikezo:Ukuguquguquka kobushushu ngexesha lothutho (umzekelo, amatyathanga abandayo aphukileyo) kukhawulezisa ukukhula kweentsholongwane.
Ukumila kokutya:Ukutya okuneprotheyini ephezulu (inyama) kunye nokufuma okuphezulu (yogathi) kuchaphazeleka ngakumbi kukungcoliseka kwebhaktheriya.
Imozulu yeNgingqi:Imimandla yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nokufuma okuphezulu (umzekelo, i-Asia-mpuma ye-Asia) ijongene nemingcipheko ephezulu yokungunda ekutyeni okukufutshane nokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
5. IziKhokelo zaBathengi behlabathi ngokuThenga ngokuKhuselekileyo
Jonga iileyibhile kunye neMiqathango yoGcino:
Beka phambili ukutya okomileyo okubhalwe "yeyona nto iphambili" (umz., ii-crackers, iimpahla ezinkonkxiweyo).
Kuphephe ukuphelelwa lixesha kwemveliso yobisi kunye nenyama engagcinwanga phantsi kwefriji.
Uhlolo lweemvakalelo:
Lahla nakuphi na ukutya okupakethelwe ukudumba, ukuvuza, ukungunda, okanye ivumba elibi ngoko nangoko.
Ukwazisa ngoMngcipheko weNgingqi:
IYurophu kunye neMelika:Jonga i-Listeria (exhaphakileyo ekutyeni okusele kusele kutyiwe).
EAsia:Zilumkele ii-mycotoxins (umz., i-aflatoxins ekwirayisi kunye namandongomane).
6. Iingcebiso kuLawulo lwaMazwe ngaMazwe kunye noShishino
Imilinganiselo yoVavanyo emgangathweni:Igqwetha leCodex ukuseka imida ethile yemicrobial ekutyeni okukufutshane nokuphelelwa lixesha.
Inguqulelo yeTekhnoloji:Ukukhuthaza ukupakishwa okuhlakaniphile (umzekelo, izikhombisi zexesha lobushushu).
Uxanduva loShishino:Abathengisi kufuneka baphumeze iinkqubo zovavanyo oluguquguqukayo malunga nokuphelelwa kwexesha lokutya.
Isiphelo: Ukulungelelanisa uKhuseleko kunye noZinzo
Ukukhuthazwa kokutya okufutshane nokuphelelwa yisikhathi kunceda ukunciphisa inkunkuma yokutya yehlabathi, kodwa ukhuseleko lwe-microbial luhlala lucelomngeni olunzima. Abathengi kufuneka benze ukhetho olunolwazi olusekelwe kwimimiselo yasekhaya kunye neenkcukacha zenzululwazi, ngelixa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lisebenzisane ukuphucula imigangatho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba "ugcino" kunye "nokhuseleko" zinokuhlalisana ngokwenene.
Isikhumbuzo Sokugqibela:Xa kuziwa kukhuseleko lokutya, "ixabiso eliphantsi" akufanele lithethelele ukuthotyelwa-ingakumbi kwiindidi ezinobungozi obuphezulu ezifana nokutya kweentsana kunye nokutya okulungele ukutyiwa, apho kufuneka kuhlale kufika kuqala isilumkiso.
Ixesha lokuposa: May-20-2025