Ngenxa yokwanda kwenkunkuma yokutya kwihlabathi liphela, ukutya okuphelelwa lixesha kuye kwaba lukhetho oludumileyo kubathengi eYurophu, eMelika, eAsia, nakwezinye iindawo ngenxa yokuba ixabiso lakho liyafikeleleka. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko ukutya kusondela kumhla wokuphelelwa lixesha, ngaba umngcipheko wongcoliseko lweentsholongwane uhlala ulawulwa? Imigangatho yokhuseleko lokutya kumazwe ahlukeneyo ichaza njani ukhuseleko lokutya okuphelelwa lixesha? Eli nqaku lihlalutya imeko yangoku yokhuseleko lweentsholongwane lokutya okuphelelwa lixesha ngokusekelwe kulwazi lovavanyo lwamazwe ngamazwe kwaye libonelela ngeengcebiso zesayensi zokuthenga kubathengi behlabathi.
1. Imeko yeMarike yeHlabathi kunye nomahluko olawulayo wokutya okuphantse kuphelelwe lixesha
Ukutya okuphelelwa lixesha kudla ngokubhekisa kwiimveliso ezisele isithathu ukuya kwisiqingatha sobomi bazo, ezihlala zifumaneka kwiindawo ezinesaphulelo kwiivenkile ezinkulu okanye kwiivenkile ezinesaphulelo esikhethekileyo. Imigaqo-nkqubo yolawulo yokutya okuphelelwa lixesha yahluka kakhulu kumazwe ngamazwe:
IManyano yaseYurophu (i-EU):Ukubhalwa okunyanzelekileyo kwegama elithi "use by" (umhla wokugqibela wokhuseleko) kunye nelithi "best before" (umhla wokugqibela womgangatho). Ukuthengiswa kokutya okusondela kumhla "use by" akuvumelekanga.
Amazwe Amanyene:Ngaphandle kwefomyula yeentsana, imithetho karhulumente ayifuni imihla yokuphelelwa, kodwa abathengisi kufuneka baqinisekise ukhuseleko lokutya.
Japhan:"UMthetho Wokukhuthazwa Kokuncitshiswa Kwenkunkuma Yokutya" ukhuthaza ukuthengiswa okuncitshisiweyo kokutya okuphelelwa lixesha, kodwa kufuneka kuvavanywe rhoqo.
iTshayina:Emva kokuphunyezwa koMthetho "wokuLwa neNkunkuma yokutya" ngo-2021, iivenkile ezinkulu ziseke amacandelo azinikeleyo okutya okuphelelwa lixesha, kodwa imigangatho yovavanyo lweentsholongwane isafana neyeemveliso ezintsha.
2. Imigangatho yoVavanyo loKhuseleko lweeMicrobial eyaziwayo kwihlabathi liphela
Ngokwezikhokelo ezivela kwi-IKhomishini yeCodex Alimentarius (Codex), i-US FDA, kunye ne-EU EFSA, ukutya okuphelayo kufuneka kujongwe ezi mpawu zilandelayo:
Inani elipheleleyo le-Aerobic (TAC):Ibonisa ukonakala kokutya; ukudlula imida kunokubangela urhudo.
Iintsholongwane zeColiform:Ibonisa iimeko zococeko kwaye inxulunyaniswa neengozi zezifo ezifanaI-Salmonella.
Umngundo kunye neMvubelo:Ixhaphakile kwiindawo ezinomswakama kwaye inokuvelisa iityhefu (umz.,ii-aflatoxins).
Iintsholongwane:Faka iListeria (enokukhula kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi) kunye neStaphylococcus aureus.
3. Idatha yoVavanyo oluNqamlezayo: Umda woKhuseleko lokuTya okuPhantse kuphelelwe lixesha
Ngowama-2025, i-International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) isebenzisene neelabhoratri kumazwe amaninzi ukuvavanya iindidi ezintandathu zokutya okuphelelwa lixesha, kunye neziphumo ezilandelayo:
| Udidi lokutya | Ipharamitha yovavanyo | Umda woKhuseleko lwaMazwe ngaMazwe | Izinga lokuDlulela ekutyeni okuphantse kuphelelwe lixesha |
| Ubisi olufakwe i-Pasteurized (eJamani) | Inani elipheleleyo le-Aerobic | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Isaladi epakishwe kwangaphambili (e-US) | Iintsholongwane zeColiform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Inkukhu Elungele Ukutyiwa (e-UK) | IListeria | Ayifunyaniswanga | 5% |
| Izidlo zeNut (eTshayina) | Umngundo | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Iziphumo eziphambili:
Iindidi ezinobungozi obukhulu:Inyama esele ilungele ukutyiwa, iimveliso zobisi, kunye nokutya okulungisiweyo kubonise amazinga aphezulu okugqithisa iintsholongwane.
Impembelelo yoBushushu boGcino:Ukutya okungagcinwanga efrijini kwakunomngcipheko ophindwe kathathu wokudlula imida.
Umahluko kwiipakethe:Ukutya okupakishwe nge-vacuum bekukhuselekile kakhulu kunoko bekupakishwe ngendlela eqhelekileyo.
4. Izinto Eziphambili Ezichaphazela Ukhuseleko Lokutya Okuphantse Kuphelelwe Yixesha
Ulawulo lwekhonkco lonikezo:Ukutshintshatshintsha kobushushu ngexesha lokuthuthwa (umz., ukuqhekeka kwamakhaza) kukhawulezisa ukukhula kweentsholongwane.
Ukwakheka kokutya:Ukutya okuneproteni eninzi (inyama) kunye nokutya okufumileyo kakhulu (iyogathi) kulula kakhulu ukuba kungcoliswe ziintsholongwane.
Imozulu yeSithili:Iindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu kunye nomswakama ophezulu (umz., eMzantsi-mpuma Asia) zijongene nemingcipheko ephezulu yokungunda ekutyeni okuphelelwa lixesha.
5. Izikhokelo Zabathengi Zehlabathi Zokuthenga Ngokukhuselekileyo
Jonga iileyibhile kunye neemeko zokugcina:
Beka phambili ukutya okomileyo okubhalwe "ingcono ngaphambi" (umz., ii-crackers, izinto ezisemathinini).
Ziphephe iimveliso zobisi nezenyama eziphelelwa lixesha ezingagcinwanga efrijini.
Ukuhlolwa kweemvakalelo:
Lahla ukutya okunepakethe evuvukileyo, ukuvuza, ukungunda, okanye ivumba elibi ngoko nangoko.
Ukwazisa Ngomngcipheko Wengingqi:
IYurophu neMelika:Jonga iListeria (exhaphakileyo ekutyeni okulungele ukutyiwa).
IAsia:Lumka kwii-mycotoxins (umz. ii-aflatoxins ezifumaneka kwirayisi nakwiindongomane).
6. Iingcebiso zoMgaqo-nkqubo waMazwe ngaMazwe kunye noShishino
Iikhrayitheriya zoVavanyo eziFanelekileyo:Ummeli weCodex ukuba imisele imida ethile yeentsholongwane zokutya okuphelelwa lixesha.
Ubuchule bobuchwepheshe:Khuthaza ukupakisha okukrelekrele (umz., izalathisi zobushushu bexesha).
Uxanduva lweNkampani:Abathengisi kufuneka basebenzise iinkqubo zokuvavanya ukutya okuphantse kuphelelwe lixesha.
Isiphelo: Ukulinganisela uKhuseleko kunye noZinzo
Ukukhuthazwa kokutya okuphelelwa lixesha kunceda ekunciphiseni inkunkuma yokutya yehlabathi, kodwa ukhuseleko lweentsholongwane luhlala lulucelomngeni olubalulekileyo. Abathengi kufuneka benze izigqibo ezisekelwe kwimigaqo yasekuhlaleni kunye nedatha yesayensi, ngelixa uluntu lwamazwe ngamazwe kufuneka lusebenzisane ukuphucula imigangatho, ukuqinisekisa ukuba "ukonga" kunye "nokhuseleko" zinokuhambelana ngokwenene.
Isikhumbuzo Sokugqibela:Xa kufikwa kukhuseleko lokutya, "ixabiso eliphantsi" akufuneki lithethelele ukungabi natyala—ingakumbi kwiindidi ezinobungozi obukhulu ezifana nokutya kweentsana kunye nokutya okulungele ukutyiwa, apho kufuneka kuqatshelwe kuqala.
Ixesha leposi: Meyi-20-2025