Ukuphepha kokudla kuyinto ebaluleke kakhulu ochungechungeni lokuhlinzekwa komhlaba wonke. Izinsalela ezifana nama-antibiotic emikhiqizweni yobisi noma izibulala-zinambuzane eziningi ezithelweni nasemifino zingabangela izingxabano zokuhweba kwamazwe ngamazwe noma izingozi zempilo yabathengi. Ngenkathi izindlela zokuhlola zelebhu zendabuko (isb., i-HPLC, i-mass spectrometry) zinikeza ukunemba, izindleko zazo eziphakeme, izikhathi zokuguqula isikhathi eside, kanye nobunzima bokusebenza ngokuvamile kwehluleka ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zesikhathi sangempela zamabhizinisi omhlaba wonke.Imichilo yokuhlola esheshayofuthiamakhithi okuhlola i-immunosorbent assay (ELISA) axhunywe ku-enzymeziye zavela njengezixazululo ezingabizi kakhulu neziguquguqukayo zabakhiqizi bokudla, abathumela kwamanye amazwe, kanye nezinhlangano ezilawulayo. Lesi sihloko sihlola ukusetshenziswa kwazo ekuphepheni kokudla emhlabeni jikelele, sigxile ekutholakaleni kwama-antibiotic obisi kanye nokuhlaziywa kwezinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane.
I. Ukuqhathanisa Kobuchwepheshe: Isivinini, Izindleko, Nokunemba
1. Imichilo Yokuhlola Esheshayo: Iqhawe Lokuhlola Esizeni
Imichilo yokuhlola esheshayo isebenzisa ubuchwepheshe be-immunochromatographic ukukhiqiza imiphumela ebonakalayo (isb., amabhande anemibala) zingakapheli imizuzu emi-5-15 ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-antigen-antibody. Izinzuzo ezibalulekile zifaka:
Izindleko eziphansi kakhulu: Ku-$1–5 ngokuhlolwa ngakunye, zilungele ukuhlolwa okuvamise kakhulu. Isibonelo, izitshalo zobisi zisebenzisa imichilo yokuhlola ubisi olungavuthiwe nsuku zonke ukuze zibone ama-antibiotic e-beta-lactam (isb., i-penicillin), okuvimbela amaqoqo angcolile ukuthi angangeni ekukhiqizweni.
Ukusebenza okungenazo izinsiza: Izinqubo ezilula zivumela izisebenzi ezisebenza phambili ukuthi zenze izivivinyo ngemuva kokuqeqeshwa okuncane. Abathumeli bezolimo emhlabeni wonke bathumela ama-strips emachwebeni ukuze bahlole izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane (isb., i-chlorothalonil, i-chlorothalonil) ngokumelene nezindinganiso zokungenisa njenge-EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Kodwa-ke, imichilo inemikhawulo: ukuzwela (70–90%) kanye nemiphumela yokulinganisa okuncane kungase kungabi nama-trace residues. Isibonelo, ama-antibiotic e-sulfonamide obisini eduze komkhawulo we-EU (10 μg/kg) abeka engcupheni imiphumela emibi engamanga.
2. Ama-ELISA Kits: Ukunemba Kuhlangana Nomphumela
I-ELISA ilinganisa ama-targets ngokusebenzisa ukusabela kwe-enzyme-substrate, ifinyelele ukuzwela kwezinga le-pg/mL kanye nokucutshungulwa kwe-batch (isb., amapuleti angu-96-well):
Ukunemba okuphezulu kanye nobuningi: Kubalulekile ukuthobela imithetho. I-US FDA iyala ukuthi ama-antibiotic e-tetracycline ebisini angadluli ku-300 μg/kg; i-ELISA iqinisekisa ukulinganiswa okunembile ukuze kugwenywe izinhlawulo zokuhweba.
Ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko eziphakathi nendawo: Ku-$5–20 ngokuhlolwa ngakunye, i-ELISA idinga i-samicroplate reader (3,000–$8,000). Kumabhizinisi aphakathi nendawo acubungula amasampula angu-50–200 ngosuku, izindleko zesikhathi eside zinciphisa ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ezindaweni zokucwaninga.
Noma kunjalo, i-ELISA idinga amahora angu-2-4 ngokugijima ngakunye kanye nezinqubo ezijwayelekile, okudinga abasebenzi abanamakhono.
II. Ukukhetha Okuhlelekile Ezimweni Zomhlaba Wonke
Izimo Ezintathu Ezikhetha Imichilo Yokuhlola Esheshayo
Ukuhlolwa Kwe-Supply Chain Okuphezulu
Ama-strips avimba ngokushesha izinto zokusetshenziswa eziyingozi kakhulu. Abathumeli besoya baseBrazil bahlola kusengaphambili izinsalela ze-glyphosate ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa, bathumela amaqoqo amabi kuphela ukuze kuqinisekiswe ilebhu - kunciphisa izindleko zokuhlola ngaphezu kuka-30%.
Ukuhlolwa Kokuthobela Imithetho Kwamanye Amazwe
Abaphathi bezimali noma abahloli basebenzisa imichilo emachwebeni noma ezindaweni zokugcina impahla ukuze bagweme ukubambezeleka kwempahla. Abathumeli bezinhlanzi baseVietnam bahlola ama-metabolites e-nitrofuran ngemichilo ukuze bahambisane ne-Positive List System yaseJapan.
Izifunda Ezinezinsiza Ezilinganiselwe
Amapulazi amancane noma abakhiqizi emazweni asathuthuka bathembele emigqeni yokulawula izingozi. Ama-cooperative obisi ase-Afrika ahlola ubisi ukuze athole ama-antibiotic endaweni, ethumela amasampula aqinisekile emalabhorethri esifunda.
Izimo Ezintathu Ezikhetha Ama-ELISA Kits
Isitifiketi Sokuthumela Ngaphandle kanye Nezingxabano Zezomthetho
Ukunemba kanye nokulandelela kwe-ELISA kubalulekile ekulandeleni imithetho. Abathengisi bezinongo baseNdiya banikeza imibiko ye-aflatoxin B1 esekelwe ku-ELISA (umkhawulo we-EU: 2 μg/kg) ukuze kuhlangatshezwane ne-EC No. 1881/2006.
Izidingo Zokusebenzisa Okuphakathi Kuya Kokuphezulu
Abakhiqizi abakhulu noma amalebhu amakhulu bayazuza ekucutshungulweni kwe-ELISA. Inkampani yobisi yaseDashi ihlola amaqoqo obisi angaphezu kuka-500 nsuku zonke ukuthola ama-beta-lactam nama-tetracycline zingakapheli amahora ama-4.
Ucwaningo nokuthuthukiswa kanye nokulawulwa kwekhwalithi
Idatha yobuningi ye-ELISA isekela ukuqapha kwesikhathi eside. Izindawo zokwenza iwayini zaseChile zilandelela izitayela zokubulala izinambuzane ze-carbendazim zesizini ukuze kuthuthukiswe imikhuba yezivini.
III. Ukuqonda Ngezindleko Nezinzuzo Zomhlaba Wonke
Izindleko Ezifihliwe Nokunciphisa Ingozi
Ukungabi nalutho okungekuhle okuvela kuma-strips kungaholela ekubuyiselweni emuva (isb., isigameko se-salmonella yefomula yezinsana saseFrance sango-2021), kuyilapho izindleko zemishini ye-ELISA zincipha ngosayizi. Izizwe eziningi zisebenzisa "ukuhlolwa kwe-strip + ukuqinisekiswa kwe-ELISA" ukuze kulinganiswe izindleko kanye nokuhambisana nomthetho.
Ukuhlangana Kobuchwepheshe
Imichilo ethuthukisiwe yezinto ezibonakalayo: Imichilo yegolide enamalebula e-nanoparticle ithola ama-antibiotic ku-1 μg/kg, isondela ekuzweleni kwe-ELISA.
Izifundi ze-ELISA eziphathwayo: Amadivayisi amancane avumela ukuhlolwa kwasendaweni okungaphansi kuka-$1,500, okunciphisa igebe lokusebenza.
IV. Isiphetho: Ukwakha Inethiwekhi Yokuthola Yomhlaba Wonke
Ukuze kusetshenziswe amazinga ahlukahlukene omhlaba (isib. i-GB 2763 yaseShayina, i-US EPA, i-EU EC), amabhizinisi okudla kumele akhethe amathuluzi ngendlela eguquguqukayo:
Imichilo esheshayo: Beka phambili isivinini sokuhlola okuphezulu, izimo eziphuthumayo, noma izilungiselelo zezinsiza eziphansi.
Amakhithi e-ELISA: Nikeza ngokunemba kokuqinisekiswa, ukukhishwa okuphakathi nendawo, kanye nezinqumo eziqhutshwa idatha.
Amabhizinisi omhlaba wonke kufanele asebenzise isu elihambisana nezigaba: Isibonelo, ama-cooperative obisi aseNdiya asebenzisa imichilo yokuhlola ama-antibiotic kokuqala, i-ELISA ukuqinisekisa isifunda, kanye nama-lab agunyaziwe (isb., i-SGS, i-Eurofins) kumasampula aphikiswana ngawo. Le "phiramidi yokuthola" ilinganisa ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko nokunciphisa ubungozi bokuhweba, iqinisa uhlelo lokuphepha kokudla emhlabeni jikelele.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-15-2025