Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sokwanda kokulahlwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke, ukudla osekusondele kokuphelelwa yisikhathi sekuyinto ethandwayo kubathengi eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia, nakwezinye izifunda ngenxa yezindleko zakho eziphansi. Nokho, njengoba ukudla kusondela usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ingabe ingozi yokungcoliswa kwamagciwane isalawuleka? Amazinga okuphepha kokudla emazweni ahlukene akuchaza kanjani ukuphepha kokudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi? Lesi sihloko sihlaziya isimo samanje sokuphepha kwe-microbial sokudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi ngokusekelwe kudatha yokuhlola yamazwe ngamazwe futhi inikeza izincomo zokuthengwa kwesayensi kubathengi bomhlaba.
1. Isimo Semakethe Yomhlaba Wonke kanye Nomehluko Olawulayo Wokudla Okuseduze Kokuphelelwa yisikhathi
Ukudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokuvamile kubhekisela emikhiqizweni esele ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu ukuya kwesigamu sempilo yayo yeshelufu, ngokuvamile etholakala ezigabeni zesaphulelo sesuphamakethe noma ezitolo zesaphulelo esikhethekile. Izinqubomgomo zokulawula zokudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi ziyehluka kakhulu emazweni onke:
I-European Union (EU):Ukulebula okuyisibopho kokuthi "use by" (umnqamulajuqu wokuphepha) kanye "nokuhle kakhulu ngaphambili" (umnqamulajuqu wekhwalithi). Ukuthengiswa kokudla okusondela idethi "yokusetshenziswa" akuvunyelwe.
I-united states:Ngaphandle kwefomula lezingane, imithetho yenhlangano ayidingi izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa abathengisi kufanele baqinisekise ukuphepha kokudla.
Japan:"Umthetho Wokukhuthaza Ukuncishiswa Kwemfucuza Yokudla" ukhuthaza ukuthengiswa okunesaphulelo kokudla okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa ukuhlolwa okuvamile kuyadingeka.
I-China:Ngemva kokuqaliswa kokusetshenziswa "koMthetho Wokulahla Imfucumfucu Yokudla" ngo-2021, izitolo ezinkulu zisungule izigaba ezinikelwe zokudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa amazinga okuhlola amagciwane ahlala efana nemikhiqizo emisha.
2. Amazinga Okuhlola Ukuphepha Kwamagciwane Abonwa Ngamazwe Ngamazwe
Ngokweziqondiso ezivela ku-I-Codex Alimentarius Commission (Codex), i-US FDA, ne-EU EFSA, ukudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi kumele kuqashelwe lezi zinkomba ezilandelayo:
Isamba sokubala se-Aerobic (TAC):Ikhombisa izinga lokubola kokudla; ukweqa imikhawulo kungase kubangele isifo sohudo.
I-Coliform Amagciwane:Ibonisa izimo zenhlanzeko futhi ihlotshaniswa nezingozi zamagciwane afanaI-Salmonella.
Isikhunta kanye nemvubelo:Ivamile ezindaweni ezinomswakama futhi ingase ikhiqize ubuthi (isb.ama-aflatoxins).
Amagciwane:Faka i-Listeria (engakhula emazingeni okushisa aphansi) kanye ne-Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Idatha Yokuhlolwa Kwemingcele: Umkhawulo Wokuphepha Wokudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa yisikhathi
Ngo-2025, i-International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) yasebenzisana namalabhorethri emazweni amaningi ukuhlola izigaba eziyisithupha zokudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi, ngemiphumela elandelayo:
| Ukudla Isigaba | Ipharamitha yokuhlola | Umkhawulo Wokuphepha Wamazwe Ngamazwe | Izinga Lokweqisa Ekudleni Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa yisikhathi |
| Ubisi Olufakwe I-Pasteurized (Germany) | Isibalo se-Aerobic esiphelele | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Isaladi Esepakishwe Ngaphambilini (US) | I-Coliform Amagciwane | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Inkukhu Elungele Ukudliwa (e-UK) | I-Listeria | Akutholwanga | 5% |
| Amantongomane (e-China) | Isikhunta | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Okutholakele Okubalulekile:
Izigaba ezinobungozi obukhulu:Inyama eseyilungele ukudliwa, imikhiqizo yobisi, nokudla okuphekiwe kubonise amazinga aphezulu okudlula amagciwane.
Umthelela Wezinga Lokushisa Lesitoreji:Ukudla okungagcinwanga esiqandisini kwakunengozi ephakeme ephindwe kathathu yokweqa imikhawulo.
Umehluko Wamaphakheji:Ukudla okufakwe ivacuum bekuphephe kakhulu kunokupakishwa okujwayelekile.
4. Izinto Ezibalulekile Ezithinta Ukuphepha Kokudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa Isikhathi
Ukuphatha ukuhlinzeka:Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokuthutha (isb., amaketanga abandayo aphukile) kusheshisa ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Ukwakheka Kokudla:Ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi (inyama) kanye nokudla okunomswakama ophezulu (iyogathi) kujwayele ukungcoliswa amagciwane.
Isimo Sezulu Sesifunda:Izindawo ezishisa kakhulu nezinomswakama ophezulu (isb., i-Southeast Asia) zibhekene nezingozi eziphezulu zokukhunta ekudleni osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi.
5. Izinkombandlela zabathengi emhlabeni wonke zokuthenga okuphephile
Hlola Amalebula Nemibandela Yesitoreji:
Beka kuqala ukudla okomile okubhalwe ukuthi “okuhle kunangaphambili” (isb., ama-crackers, izimpahla ezisemathinini).
Gwema imikhiqizo yobisi nenyama esezophelelwa yisikhathi engagcinwanga ngaphansi kwesiqandisi.
Ukuhlola Izinzwa:
Lahla noma yikuphi ukudla okupakishwe ukuqunjelwa, ukuvuza, isikhunta, noma iphunga elibi ngokushesha.
Ukuqwashisa Ngobungozi Kwesifunda:
IYurophu neMelika:Qaphela i-Listeria (evamile ekudleni osekulungele ukudliwa).
E-Asia:Qaphela i-mycotoxins (isb., i-aflatoxins elayisini namantongomane).
6. Izincomo Zokulawulwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe Nemboni
Hlela Imibandela Yokuhlola:I-Advocate ye-Codex ukuthi imise imikhawulo ethile yamagciwane ekudleni osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi.
Ukuqamba Okusha Kwezobuchwepheshe:Nyusa ukupakisha okuhlakaniphile (isb., izinkomba zezinga lokushisa lesikhathi).
Isibopho sebhizinisi:Abathengisi kufanele basebenzise amasistimu okuhlola aguqukayo okudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi.
Isiphetho: Ukulinganisa Ukuphepha Nokusimama
Ukugqugquzelwa kokudla osekuzophelelwa yisikhathi kusiza ekunciphiseni ukumoshwa kokudla emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ukuphepha kwamagciwane kuseyinselelo enkulu. Abathengi kufanele benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusekelwe kumithetho yendawo kanye nedatha yesayensi, kuyilapho umphakathi wamazwe ngamazwe kufanele ubambisane ukuze uthuthukise izindinganiso, uqinisekise ukuthi "ukonga" kanye "nokuphepha" kungabambisana ngempela.
Isikhumbuzi Sokugcina:Uma kuziwa ekuphepheni kokudla, "intengo ephansi" akufanele neze ithethelele ukuyekethisa—ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezisengozini enkulu njengokudla kwezinsana nokudla osekulungele ukudliwa, lapho ukuqapha kufanele kuze kuqala ngaso sonke isikhathi.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: May-20-2025