Ngenxa yokwanda kokulahlwa kokudla emhlabeni jikelele, ukudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi sekuyinto ethandwayo kubathengi eYurophu, eMelika, e-Asia, nakwezinye izifunda ngenxa yokusebenzisa kahle izindleko. Kodwa-ke, njengoba ukudla kusondela osukwini lokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ingabe ingozi yokungcoliswa kwamagciwane isalawulwa? Izindinganiso zokuphepha kokudla emazweni ahlukene zichaza kanjani ukuphepha kokudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi? Lesi sihloko sihlaziya isimo samanje sokuphepha kwamagciwane kokudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokusekelwe kudatha yokuhlola yamazwe ngamazwe futhi sinikeza izincomo zesayensi zokuthenga kubathengi bomhlaba wonke.
1. Isimo Semakethe Yomhlaba Wonke kanye Nomehluko Olawulayo Wokudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa Yisikhathi
Ukudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi ngokuvamile kubhekisela emikhiqizweni esele ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu kuya kwengxenye yesikhathi sayo sokuphila, evame ukutholakala ezindaweni zesaphulelo ezitolo ezinkulu noma ezitolo ezikhethekile zesaphulelo. Izinqubomgomo zomthetho zokudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi ziyahlukahluka kakhulu kuwo wonke amazwe:
I-European Union (i-EU):Ukufakwa kwelebula okuphoqelekile elithi "use by" (usuku lokugcina lokuphepha) kanye nelithi "best before" (usuku lokugcina lwekhwalithi). Ukuthengiswa kokudla okusondela osukwini "use by" akuvunyelwe.
I-united states:Ngaphandle kwefomula yezingane, imithetho kahulumeni ayidingi izinsuku zokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa abathengisi kumele baqinisekise ukuphepha kokudla.
IJapane:"UMthetho Wokukhushulwa Kokuncishiswa Kokulahlwa Kokudla" ukhuthaza ukuthengiswa okuncishisiwe kokudla okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa kudingeka ukuhlolwa njalo.
IShayina:Ngemva kokuqaliswa "koMthetho Wokulwa Nokulahlwa Kokudla" ngo-2021, izitolo ezinkulu ezinkulu zisungule izigaba ezinikezelwe zokudla okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi, kodwa amazinga okuhlola amagciwane asafana nawemikhiqizo emisha.
2. Izindinganiso Zokuhlola Ukuphepha Kwama-Microbial Eziqashelwa Emhlabeni Wonke
Ngokweziqondiso ezivela ku-IKhomishini ye-Codex Alimentarius (Codex), i-US FDA, kanye ne-EU EFSA, ukudla okuphela kwesikhathi kumele kuqashwe ngeso lokhozi izinkomba ezilandelayo ezibalulekile:
Inani Eliphelele Le-Aerobic (TAC):Kubonisa izinga lokonakala kokudla; ukweqa imingcele kungabangela isifo sohudo.
Ama-bacteria e-Coliform:Kubonisa izimo zokuhlanzeka futhi kuhlotshaniswa nezingozi zamagciwane anjengeI-Salmonella.
Isikhunta Nemvubelo:Kuvamile ezindaweni ezinomswakama futhi kungadala ubuthi (isb.,ama-aflatoxin).
Amagciwane:Faka phakathi i-Listeria (engakhula emazingeni okushisa aphansi) kanye ne-Staphylococcus aureus.
3. Idatha Yokuhlola Enqamula Imingcele: Umkhawulo Wokuphepha Wokudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa Yisikhathi
Ngo-2025, i-International Consumer Research & Testing (ICRT) yabambisana nama-laboratory emazweni amaningi ukuhlola izigaba eziyisithupha zokudla okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi, ngemiphumela elandelayo:
| Isigaba Sokudla | Ipharamitha Yokuhlola | Umkhawulo Wokuphepha Kwamazwe Ngamazwe | Izinga Lokudlula Ekudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa Yisikhathi |
| Ubisi Olufakwe I-Pasteurized (eJalimane) | Inani Eliphelele Lokuzivocavoca | ≤10⁵ CFU/mL | 12% |
| Isaladi Epakishwe Ngaphambili (e-US) | Amagciwane e-Coliform | ≤100 CFU/g | 18% |
| Inkukhu Elungele Ukudliwa (e-UK) | I-Listeria | Akutholakalanga | 5% |
| Ukudla Okumnandi Kwamantongomane (eShayina) | Isikhunta | ≤50 CFU/g | 8% |
Okutholakele Okubalulekile:
Izigaba Ezinengozi Ephakeme:Inyama esele ilungele ukudliwa, imikhiqizo yobisi, kanye nokudla okulungisiwe kubonise amazinga aphezulu okudlula kwamagciwane.
Umthelela Wezinga Lokushisa Lesitoreji:Ukudla okungagcinwanga efrijini kwakunengozi ephindwe kathathu yokudlula imingcele.
Umehluko Wokupakisha:Ukudla okufakwe nge-vacuum kwakuphephile kakhulu kunokudla okufakwe nge-vacuum cleaner.
4. Izici Eziyinhloko Ezithinta Ukuphepha Kokudla Okuseduze Nokuphelelwa Yisikhathi
Ukuphatha ukuhlinzeka:Ukushintshashintsha kwezinga lokushisa ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa (isb., izintambo ezibandayo eziphukile) kusheshisa ukukhula kwamagciwane.
Ukwakheka Kokudla:Ukudla okunamaprotheni amaningi (inyama) kanye nokudla okunomswakama ophezulu (iyogathi) kuthambekele kakhulu ekungcolisweni ngamagciwane.
Isimo Sezulu Sesifunda:Izindawo ezinokushisa okuphezulu kanye nomswakama ophezulu (isib., eNingizimu-mpumalanga ye-Asia) zibhekene nezingozi eziphezulu zesikhunta ekudleni okuphelelwa yisikhathi.
5. Iziqondiso Zomhlaba Wonke Zabathengi Zokuthenga Ngokuphephile
Hlola Amalebula Nemibandela Yokugcina:
Beka phambili ukudla okomile okubhalwe ukuthi "kungcono ngaphambi" (isib. ama-cracker, ukudla okusemathinini).
Gwema imikhiqizo yobisi nenyama ephelelwa yisikhathi engagcinwanga efrijini.
Ukuhlolwa Kwezinzwa:
Lahla noma yikuphi ukudla okunephakethe elivuvukele, ukuvuza, isikhunta, noma iphunga elibi ngokushesha.
Ukuqwashisa Ngezingozi Zesifunda:
IYurophu neMelika:Qaphela i-Listeria (evame kakhulu ekudleni okulungele ukudliwa).
I-Asia:Qaphela ama-mycotoxin (isib. ama-aflatoxin elayisi namantongomane).
6. Izincomo Zomthetho Wezwe Lonke kanye Nezimboni
Imigomo Yokuhlola Ejwayelekile:Mema iCodex ukuthi imise imikhawulo ethile yamagciwane ekudleni okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Ukusungula Izinto Ezintsha Kwezobuchwepheshe:Khuthaza ukupakisha okuhlakaniphile (isib. izinkomba zesikhathi-sokushisa).
Umthwalo Wemfanelo Wenkampani:Abathengisi kufanele basebenzise izinhlelo zokuhlola eziguquguqukayo zokudla okuseduze nokuphelelwa yisikhathi.
Isiphetho: Ukulinganisela Ukuphepha Nokuzinza
Ukukhuthazwa kokudla okuphelelwa yisikhathi kusiza ekunciphiseni imfucuza yokudla emhlabeni wonke, kodwa ukuphepha kwamagciwane kusalokhu kuyinselele ebalulekile. Abathengi kufanele benze izinqumo ezinolwazi ngokusekelwe emithethweni yendawo kanye nedatha yesayensi, kuyilapho umphakathi wamazwe omhlaba kumele ubambisane ukuthuthukisa amazinga, uqinisekise ukuthi "ukonga" kanye "nokuphepha" kungahambisana ngempela.
Isikhumbuzo Sokugcina:Uma kukhulunywa ngokuphepha kokudla, "intengo ephansi" akufanele neze ivumele ukuvumelana—ikakhulukazi ezigabeni ezinobungozi obukhulu njengokudla kwezingane nokudla okulungele ukudliwa, lapho ukuqapha kufanele kuze kuqala.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-20-2025