Polokeho ea lijo ke taba ea bohlokoa haholo liketane tsa phepelo ea lefats'e. Masalla a kang lithibela-mafu lihlahisoa tsa lebese kapa chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana e ngata litholoana le meroho a ka baka likhohlano tsa khoebo ea machaba kapa likotsi tsa bophelo bo botle ba bareki. Le hoja mekhoa ea tlhahlobo ea laboratori ea setso (mohlala, HPLC, mass spectrometry) e fana ka ho nepahala, litšenyehelo tsa eona tse phahameng, linako tse telele tsa ho fetola lintho, le ho rarahana ha ts'ebetso hangata li hlōleha ho fihlela litlhoko tsa nako ea sebele tsa likhoebo tse kopaneng lefatšeng ka bophara.Liteko tse potlakileng tsa litekolelisebelisoa tsa tlhahlobo ea immunosorbent assay (ELISA) tse amanang le enzymeli hlahile e le litharollo tse theko e tlaase le tse tenyetsehang bakeng sa bahlahisi ba lijo, barekisi ba kantle ho naha le mekhatlo ea taolo. Sengoloa sena se hlahloba lits'ebetso tsa tsona polokehong ea lijo lefatšeng ka bophara, se shebane le ho lemoha lithibela-mafu tsa lebese le tlhahlobo ea masala a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana.
I. Papiso ea Tekheniki: Lebelo, Litšenyehelo, le Ho Nepahala
1. Liteko tse Potlakileng: 'Mampoli oa Tlhahlobo Sebakeng
Liteko tse potlakileng tsa liteko li sebelisa theknoloji ea immunochromatographic ho hlahisa liphetho tse bonahalang (mohlala, lihlopha tse mebala-bala) metsotsong e 5-15 ka likarabelo tsa antigen-antibody. Melemo ea bohlokoa e kenyelletsa:
Theko e tlase haholo: Ka $1–5 tekong ka 'ngoe, li loketse tlhahlobo e phahameng. Mohlala, limela tsa lebese li sebelisa li-strips ho hlahloba lebese le tala letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa lithibela-mafu tsa beta-lactam (mohlala, penicillin), ho thibela lihlopha tse silafetseng ho kena tlhahisong.
Ts'ebetso e se nang lisebelisoa: Mekhoa e bonolo e nolofalletsa basebetsi ba ka pele ho etsa liteko kamora koetliso e fokolang. Barekisi ba lefats'e ba temo ba romela li-strips likoung ho hlahloba masalla a chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana (mohlala, chlorpyrifos, chlorothalonil) khahlanong le maemo a kantle ho naha joalo ka EU Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs).
Leha ho le jwalo, di-strips di na le mefokolo: kutlwisiso (70–90%) le diphetho tse se nang palo di ka nna tsa fosa masalla a sa reng letho. Mohlala, dithibela-mafu tsa sulfonamide lebeseng le haufi le moedi wa EU (10 μg/kg) di beha kotsing ya diphoso tse fosahetseng.
2. Li-Kit tsa ELISA: Precision Meet Output
ELISA e lekanya lipheo ka liketso tsa enzyme-substrate, ho fihlella kutloisiso ea boemo ba pg/mL le ts'ebetso ea sehlopha (mohlala, lipoleiti tsa liliba tse 96):
Ho nepahala ho hoholo le ho lekanya: Ke habohlokoa bakeng sa ho latela melao. FDA ea US e laela lithibela-mafu tsa tetracycline lebeseng hore li se ke tsa feta 300 μg/kg; ELISA e netefatsa tekanyo e nepahetseng ho qoba likotlo tsa khoebo.
Bokgoni ba ditjeo bo mahareng: Ka $5–20 tekong ka 'ngoe, ELISA e hloka samicroplate reader (3,000–$8,000). Bakeng sa likhoebo tse mahareng tse sebetsanang le disampole tse 50–200 tsa letsatsi le letsatsi, litšenyehelo tsa nako e telele li fokotsa ho fetisetsoa ha basebetsi lilaboratoring.
Leha ho le jwalo, ELISA e hloka dihora tse 2-4 ka ho matha le diprothokholo tse tloaelehileng, e leng se hlokang basebetsi ba nang le bokgoni.
II. Kgetho ya Maano Maemong a Lefatshe
Maemo a Mararo a Ratang Liteko tse Potlakileng
Tlhahlobo ea Ketane ea Phepelo e Phahameng
Li-strip li thibela ka potlako lisebelisoa tse tala tse kotsi haholo. Barekisi ba soya ba Brazil ba hlahloba masala a glyphosate pele a romelloa, ba romela lihlopha tse mpe feela bakeng sa netefatso ea laboratori - ho fokotsa litšenyehelo tsa liteko ka ho feta 30%.
Liteko tsa ho Latela Melao ea Tšela Meeli
Bahlakisi ba lekgetho kapa bahlahlobi ba sebedisa di-strips boemakepeng kapa matlong a polokelo ho qoba tieho ya thepa. Barekisi ba di-shrimp ba Vietnam ba leka di-metabolite tsa nitrofuran ka di-strips ho latela Sistimi ya Lenane le Letle la Japane.
Libaka tse Fokolang Mehloli
Mapolasi a manyane kapa bahlahisi linaheng tse ntseng li tsoela pele ba itšetleha ka li-strips bakeng sa taolo ea likotsi. Lik'hamphani tsa lebese tsa Afrika li hlahloba lebese bakeng sa lithibela-mafu sebakeng seo, li fetisetsa lisampole tse ntle lilaboratoring tsa libaka.
Maemo a Mararo a Ratang Li-Kit tsa ELISA
Setifikeiti sa ho Romela kantle ho naha le Dikgohlano tsa Molao
Ho nepahala le ho sala morao ha ELISA ho bohlokoa bakeng sa ho latela melao. Barekisi ba linoko ba India ba fana ka litlaleho tsa aflatoxin B1 tse thehiloeng ho ELISA (moeli oa EU: 2 μg/kg) ho fihlela EC No. 1881/2006.
Litlhoko tsa Phallo e Mahareng ho isa ho e Phahameng
Bahlahisi ba baholo kapa lilaboratori tse bohareng ba rua molemo ts'ebetsong ea sehlopha sa ELISA. Khamphani ea lebese ea Madache e leka lihlopha tse fetang 500 tsa lebese letsatsi le letsatsi bakeng sa beta-lactam le tetracyclines nakong ea lihora tse 4.
R&D le Taolo ea Boleng
Lintlha tsa bongata tsa ELISA li tšehetsa tlhokomelo ea nako e telele. Li-wineries tsa Chile li latela mekhoa ea sehla ea chefo e bolaeang likokoanyana ea carbendazim ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea serapa sa morara.
III. Temohisiso ea Lefatše ka Bophara ea Litšenyehelo le Melemo
Litšenyehelo tse Patiloeng le Phokotso ea Likotsi
Liphoso tse fosahetseng tse tsoang ho li-strips li ka lebisa ho hopoloeng (mohlala, ketsahalo ea Fora ea lebese la masea la salmonella ka 2021), ha litšenyehelo tsa lisebelisoa tsa ELISA li fokotseha ka tekanyo. Machaba a mangata a amohela "tlhahlobo ea li-strip + netefatso ea ELISA" ho leka-lekanya litšenyehelo le ho latela melao.
Kopano ea Theknoloji
Li-strips tse ntlafalitsoeng ke lintho tse ling: Methapo e nang le leibole ea khauta ea nanoparticle e lemoha lithibela-mafu ho 1 μg/kg, e leng se batlang se le haufi le ho utloahala ha ELISA.
Libadi tsa ELISA tse nkehang habobebe: Disebediswa tse nyane di nolofalletsa diteko tse ka tlase ho $1,500, e leng se fokotsang sekgeo sa tshebediso.
IV. Qetello: Ho aha Marangrang a Lefatshe a ho Sibolla
Ho latela maemo a fapaneng a machaba (mohlala, GB 2763 ea Chaena, US EPA, EU EC), likhoebo tsa lijo li tlameha ho khetha lisebelisoa ka matla:
Meqhetsoana e potlakileng: Beha lebelo la pele bakeng sa tlhahlobo e holimo, maemo a tšohanyetso, kapa litlhophiso tse nang le mehloli e fokolang.
Likiti tsa ELISA: Fana ka ho nepahala bakeng sa setifikeiti, tlhahiso e mahareng le liqeto tse tsamaisoang ke data.
Likhoebo tsa lefats'e li lokela ho amohela leano le arotsoeng ka mekhahlelo: Mohlala, likoporasi tsa lebese tsa India li sebelisa li-strips bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea lithibela-mafu, ELISA bakeng sa netefatso ea libaka, le lilaboratori tse ngolisitsoeng (mohlala, SGS, Eurofins) bakeng sa lisampole tse phehisanoang. "Phiramide ena ea ho lemoha" e leka-lekanya katleho ea litšenyehelo le phokotso ea likotsi tsa khoebo, e matlafatsa tikoloho ea lefats'e ea polokeho ea lijo.
Nako ea poso: Mots'eanong-15-2025