nūhou

I nā wahi wela, pulu a i ʻole nā ​​wahi ʻē aʻe, hiki ke loaʻa i ka ʻōpala ka meaʻai. ʻO ke kumu nui, ʻo ia ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻōpala a mākou e ʻike nei, ʻo ia ka ʻāpana kahi i hoʻomohala piha ʻia ai ka mycelium o ka ʻōpala, ʻo ia ka hopena o ka "ʻōpiopio". A ma kahi kokoke i ka meaʻai ʻōpala, ua nui nā ʻōpala i ʻike ʻole ʻia. E hoʻomau ka laha ʻana o ka ʻōpala i loko o ka meaʻai, pili ka laulā o kona laha ʻana i ka nui o ka wai o ka meaʻai a me ke koʻikoʻi o ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka ʻai ʻana i ka meaʻai ʻōpala e hana i ka pōʻino nui i ke kino o ke kanaka.
He ʻano fungi ka ʻōpala. ʻO ka mea ʻawahia i hana ʻia e ka ʻōpala ua kapa ʻia ʻo mycotoxin. Hana ʻia ʻo Ochratoxin A e Aspergillus lāua ʻo Penicillium. Ua ʻike ʻia he 7 ʻano o Aspergillus a me 6 ʻano o Penicillium hiki ke hana i ka ochratoxin A, akā hana nui ʻia ia e Penicillium viride maʻemaʻe, ochratoxin a me Aspergillus niger.
ʻO ka mea nui, hoʻohaumia ka mea ʻawahia i nā huahana cereal, e like me ka oats, bale, palaoa, kulina a me nā meaʻai holoholona.
Hoʻopōʻino nui ia i ke akepaʻa a me nā puʻupaʻa o nā holoholona a me nā kānaka. Hiki i ka nui o nā mea ʻawahia ke hoʻoulu i ka mumū a me ka necrosis o ka mucosa ʻōpū i nā holoholona, ​​a he hopena carcinogenic, teratogenic a me mutagenic hoʻi.
ʻO nā palena kūlana palekana meaʻai aupuni GB 2761-2017 o nā mycotoxins i ka meaʻai e ʻōlelo ana ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ochratoxin A i ʻae ʻia i loko o nā palaoa, nā pīni a me kā lākou huahana ma mua o 5 μ g/kg；
Ua ʻōlelo ʻo GB 13078-2017 ma ke kūlana hoʻomaʻemaʻe hānai ʻaʻole e ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ochratoxin A i ʻae ʻia i ka hānai ma mua o 100 μg/kg.
ʻO ke kūlana palekana meaʻai aupuni GB 5009.96-2016 Hoʻoholo ʻana o ka ochratoxin A i ka meaʻai
ʻO GB / T 30957-2014 ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ka ochratoxin A i ka hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe kolamu immunoaffinity hānai HPLC, a pēlā aku.

Pehea e kāohi ai i ka haumia ochratoxinʻO ke kumu o ka haumia ochratoxin i ka meaʻai
Ma muli o ka laha nui ʻana o ka ochratoxin A ma ke ʻano kūlohelohe, nui nā mea kanu a me nā meaʻai, me ka palaoa, nā hua maloʻo, nā hua waina a me ka waina, ke kofe, ke kokoleka a me ke kokoleka, nā lāʻau lapaʻau Kina, nā mea ʻala, nā meaʻai i loko o ka pahu, ka ʻaila, ka ʻoliva, nā huahana pī, ka pia, ke kī a me nā mea kanu a me nā meaʻai ʻē aʻe hiki ke haumia e ka ochratoxin A. He mea koʻikoʻi loa ka haumia o ka ochratoxin A i loko o ka meaʻai holoholona. Ma nā ʻāina kahi ʻo ka meaʻai ka mea nui o ka meaʻai holoholona, ​​e like me ʻEulopa, ua haumia nā meaʻai holoholona e ka ochratoxin A, e hopena ana i ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o ka ochratoxin A i loko o ke kino. Ma muli o ka paʻa loa o ka ochratoxin A i loko o nā holoholona a ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke hoʻololi ʻia a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia, ʻo ka meaʻai holoholona, ​​ʻoiai ke puʻupaʻa, ke akepaʻa, nā ʻiʻo a me ke koko o nā puaʻa, ʻike pinepine ʻia ʻo Ochratoxin A i loko o ka waiū a me nā huahana waiū. Hoʻopili ka poʻe i ka ochratoxin A ma o ka ʻai ʻana i nā mea kanu a me nā ʻiʻo holoholona i haumia ʻia e ka ochratoxin A, a ua hōʻino ʻia e ka ochratoxin A. ʻo nā mea i noiʻi nui ʻia a aʻo ʻia e pili ana i ka ochratoxin ma ka honua he mau mea kanu (palaoa, bale, kulina, laiki, a pēlā aku), kofe, waina, pia, mea ʻala, a pēlā aku.

Hiki ke hana ʻia nā hana aʻe e ka hale hana meaʻai
1. E koho pono i nā meaʻai maka o ke olakino a me ka palekana, a ʻo nā ʻano meaʻai maka holoholona a pau e haumia e ka ʻōpala a lilo i loli qualitative. Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻopili ʻia nā mea maka i ka wā o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana a me ka mālama ʻana.
2. I mea e hoʻoikaika ai i ka palekana olakino o ke kaʻina hana, ʻaʻole i hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia nā mea hana, nā ipu, nā kaʻa huli, nā kahua hana, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe i hoʻohana ʻia i ka hana ʻana i ka manawa kūpono a hoʻopili pololei ʻia me ka meaʻai, e hopena ana i ka maʻi lua o ka bacteria.
3. E makaʻala i ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pilikino o nā limahana. No ka mea, ʻaʻole i pau ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana o nā limahana, nā lole hana a me nā kāmaʻa, ma muli o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono ʻole a i ʻole ke kāwili ʻana me nā lole pilikino, ma hope o ka haumia ʻana o ke keʻa, e lawe ʻia mai ka bacteria i loko o ka hale hana hana ma o nā limahana e komo ana a i waho, kahi e hoʻohaumia ai i ke kaiapuni o ka hale hana.
4. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia a hoʻomaʻemaʻe pinepine ʻia ka hale hana a me nā mea hana. ʻO ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe mau ʻana i ka hale hana a me nā mea hana he mea nui ia e pale aku ai i ka hoʻoulu ʻana o ka ʻōpala, kahi mea hiki ʻole i nā ʻoihana he nui ke hoʻokō.